– Merlan Qylyshuly, elimizde plazmany zertteitin zerthananyń bar ekenin kópshilik bilmeidi. Sondyqtan oqyrmandarymyz úshin sizderdiń jumystaryńyz qyzyqty. Plazmany zertteýdiń mańyzy jaiynda aitsańyz...
– Iá, plazmalar tehnologiialaryn damytý óte qyzyq. Qazaqstanda plazmany zertteýmen bizdiń ýniversitet qana ainalysady. Jalpy, Qazaqstanda plazmalar tehnologiiasymen keń kólemdi zerttep, oqý oryn janynan arnaiy zerthanalardyń ashylýyna Ramazan Sábitulynyń sińirgen eńbegi zor. Sol kisiniń arqasynda elimizde plazmany zertteitin ǵalymdar shoǵyry qalyptasty desek artyq aitqandyq bolmas edi. Qazirgi tańda bizdiń zerthanada stýdent jastar men magistrant, doktoranttar ǵylymi-zertteý jumystarmen ainalysýda. Osylaisha bizder oqý oryn qabyrǵasynda bilikti mamandardyń qalyptasýyna óz úlesimizdi qosyp kelemiz.
Ǵylymi-zertteý jumystarymyz jaiynda jazǵan maqalalarymyz impakt-faktorlyq kórsetkishi joǵary ǵylymi jýrnaldardyń jariialanyp, joǵary siltemege ie bolyp jatqan jaiy bar. Bul, biz úshin úlken jetistik.
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– Plazmany zerttep júrgen QazUÝ ǵalymdarynyń qandai jetistikteri bar?
– Plazmalar tehnologiiasyn damytý isimen ainalysyp júrgen izdenýshi-ǵalymdardyń qol jetkizgen nátijeleri jeterlik. Qolmen ustap, kózben kóretin mańyzdy jobamyz plazmalar tehnologiiasynyń arqasynda alynǵan gazdy razriadty shamdardy ataýǵa bolady. Tozańdy plazmanyń negizinde daiyndalǵan bul shamdar ádettegi paidalanyp júrgen qyl shamdarmen salystyrǵanda jaryqty eki ese artyq beretinimen erekshelenedi. Al elektr qýatyn qyl shamdarmen birdei tutynady. Bir ǵana kemshiligi, gazdy razriadty shamdardy zararsyzdandyrý isi kúrdeli. Biraq erejesin saqtap, zararsyzdandyrsa, eshqandai másele týyndamaidy. Búginde bizder jańa shamdy jetildirý ústindemiz.
Biletin shyǵarsyz, Edisonnyń ózi búginde paidalanyp júrgen qyl shamǵa qol jetkizý úshin onyń 2 myńǵa jýyq nusqasyn daiyndaǵan bolatyn. Eń bastysy, bizder tozańdy plazma negizinde daiyndalǵan gazdy razriadty shamnyń paidaly, qýat kózin únemdeitinin is júzinde dáleldedik. Aldaǵy ýaqytta ony halyqtyń paidalanýyna yńǵaily bolýy úshin barynsha jetildiretin bolamyz.
Qazirgi tańda nanotehnologiialar qarqyndy damyp jatqanyn bilesiz. Osy rette bizder gazdy ortadan gazdy plazmaly-himiialyq sintezdeý tásiline súienip, bólshekter alýdyń jolyn taýyp, jańa ǵylymi tásildi patenttegenimizdi úlken jetistikke baǵalaýǵa bolady. Bul tásildiń tehnikalyq reglamenti men qondyrǵysyn daiyn. Ǵylymi jumystyń nátijesinde alynǵan kómirtekterdi meditsina salasy men kompazitti materialdar alý isine keńinen qoldanýǵa bolady.
Taǵy da aita tússek, bizdiń ǵalymdardyń plazmanyń kómegimen mikrobólshekter alý tásili de ǵylymi ortada joǵary baǵalanǵanyn aitýǵa tiispin. Búginde kólemi 10-100 mikrometr bolatyn bólshekterdi alýdyń tásilin meńgerdik.
– Mikrobólshekter alý tásiliniń qandai paidasy bar?
– Ǵylymnan syrt júrgen adamdar kez kelgen ǵylymi jumystyń nátijesinde bir zat alý kerek dep oilaidy. Iá, kez kelgen ǵylymi jumystyń nátijesi bolady. Biraq keibir ǵylymi jumystardyń sońynda naqty zat alynyp jatsa, endi birinde ǵylymi máseleni sheshýdiń tásili paida bolady. Mikrobólshekterdi alý tásilin de sońǵysyna jatqyzýǵa bolady. Bul tásildi usaq bólshekti dáriler daiyndaityn farmatsevtika salasynda qoldanýǵa bolady. Osy bir tásil usaq bólshekterdi suryptaityn, separatsiialaityn jańa ǵylymi tásildiń týyndaýyna negiz boldy. Bizder mikrobólshekterdi alǵanda olardyń kólemi 10-100 mikrometr kóleminde bolatynyn aittyq qoi. Separatsiialaý tásilinde ártúrli ólshemdegi mikrobólshekterdi bir ólshem boiynsha suryptap jinaityn múmkindik týdy. Bir ólshemdegi mikrobólshekterden jasalǵan dári adam densaýlyǵyna jaqsy áser etetinimen erekshelenedi. Sol siiaqty bir ólshemdegi jaryq shaǵylystyratyn boiaýlardyń mikrobólshekterin jinap, sapaly, jaryq shaǵylystyratyn qasieti joǵary jol belgilerin boiaityn zat alýǵa bolady.
– Qazirgi tańda plazmaly teledidarlar joǵary suranysta ekenin bilesiz. Sonymen qatar joǵary temperatýradaǵy plazmalardyń kómegimen túrli metaldardy ońai kesýge bolady. Búginde damyǵan metall óńdeý salasyn plazmasyz elestetý múmkin emes.
Qazaqstan jylý men elektr qýatyn negizinen kómirden alady. Keide jylý qazandyqtarynda sapasy tómen kómirler tolyq janbai qalap jatady. Osy janbai qalǵan sapasyz kómirlerdi plazmatrondardyń kómegimen tolyqtai jaǵyp jiberýge bolady. Menińshe, bul tehnologiia elimizdegi jylý qazandyqtarynda qoldanylady.
Budan basqa az qýatty plazmatrondar bar. Olardy ǵylymi ortada salqyn plazmalar dep ataidy. Salqyn plazmatrondardyń eń joǵarǵy temperatýrasy 40 gradýstan aspaidy. Búginde mundai plazmatrondar meditsina salasynda qoldanyla bastady. Plazma ot jalyn bolyp janyp turady. Biraq oǵan kúiip qalmaisyz. Qazir dárigerler sýyq plazmanyń kómegimen adam denesine shyqqan túrli jaralardy emdep, jaraqattardy mikrobtardan tazartýda. Damyǵan elder salqyn plazmany meditsina salasynda paidalanýdy bastap ketti. Bizder zerthanalyq jaǵdaida salqyn plazma alatyn múmkindigimiz bar. Germaniiaǵa plazmalyq tehnologiiany damytýǵa qatysty basqosýǵa barǵanymda, ondaǵa iri kompaniialardyń jasap shyǵarǵan meditsinalyq baǵyttaǵy plazmatrondaryn óz kózimmen kórdim. Bolashaqta salqyn plazma meditsina salasynyń aiyrylmas bólshegine ainalatynyna senimdimin.
Plazmalyq tehnologiianyń igiligin kórýde álem ǵalymdary Frantsiiada jabylyp iske asyryp jatqan termoiadrolyq sintez qondyrǵysy jobasyn erekshe atap ótýge bolady. Bizder Kúnde termoiadrolyq sintez júrip, ǵalamat energiia bólinip jatqanyn bilemiz. Ǵalymdar sonyń kishireitilgen nusqasyn jasap, sarqylmas qýat kózin alý isimen 60 jyldan beri tynymsyz eńbek etip jatyr. Uǵynyqty tilmen aitsaq, termoiadrolyq sintez qondyrǵysynda joǵary temperatýralyq plazma paida bolǵanda sýtegi iadrolaryn bir-birimen soqtyǵystyryp, úlken mólsherde energiia alýǵa bolady. Bul úshin milliondaǵan gradýsqa jetetin plazma qajet. Kúnde osy úrdis tynymsyz júrip jatyr. Osy úrdistiń arqasynda jer betindegi tirshilik milliardtaǵan jyldardan beri jalǵasyp keledi.
– Eń birinshiden, termoiadrolyq tásilmen qýat kózin alý qorshaǵan ortaǵa eshqandai zalal kelmeidi. Atom elektr stansalary apatqa ushyrasa, ainalasyn qanshalyqty lastaitynyn Japoniiada Fýkýsima stansasynda oryn alǵan apat kezindi kórdik qoi. Taǵy bir ereksheligi, atom stansalarynda iadrolardy ydyratyp, energiia alsa, termoiadrolyq sintez tásilimen kerisinshe, iadrolardy bir-birimen soqtyǵystyryp, energiia alynady. Osyndai basty ereksheligi bar.
– Atom elektr stansalarynyń negizgi shikizat qory ýran ekenin bilemiz. Al termoiadrolyq sintez tásilimen qýat kózin óndirýde qandai otyn túri qoldanylady?
– Onyń negizgi otyny – sýtegi. Qazirgi tańda sýdan sýtegini bólip alýdyń tehnologiialary bar. Sý bar jerde sýtegini óndirip alýǵa bolady. Sondyqtan ǵalymdar termoiadrolyq sintezdi sarqylmas energiia kózi dep beker aityp júrgen joq. Bul baǵytta jumys istep jatqan ǵalymdar joǵary temperatýradaǵy plazmany, iaǵni 100-150 mln. gradýstaǵy joǵary temperatýrany belgili bir ýaqyt aralyǵynda ustap turýdyń jolyn qarastyryp jatyr. Aitalyq, Kúnniń betinde temperatýra 5 mln. gradýs bolsa, al ortasynda ol 100-150 mln. gradýsqa deiin jetedi. Sýtegi atomyn soqtyǵystyryp, kúrdeli reaktsiia júrgizý úshin osyndai temperatýra qajet.
– Ǵalymdar sondai ǵalamat temperatýrany qansha ýaqytqa deiin ustap tur?
– Qatelespesem, búginde ǵalymdar 100-150 mln. gradýstyq joǵary temperatýrany bir minýtqa jýyq ýaqyt ustap tur. «Bul baǵyttaǵy jumystardyń mánin jetik bilmeitin jandar osy-aq pa?» dep oilap qalýy múmkin. Al ǵylym úshin bul – úlken kórsetkish, ǵalamat jetistik bolyp turǵanyn moiyndaýymyz kerek.
– Termoiadrolyq qondyrǵy úzdiksiz jumys istep turýy úshin joǵary temperatýrany udaiy ustap turý kerek pe?
– Joq. Ol múmkin emes. Meniń paiymdaýymsha, joǵary temperatýrany impýlstyq baǵytta ustap turý kerek shyǵar. Máselen, bir minýt joǵary temperatýra berilse, eki minýt óship turady. Bir minýttyń ishinde ǵalamat energiia alýǵa bolady. Bul ispen ainalysyp jatqan ǵalymdar termoiadrolyq qondyrǵylardy 2020-2025 jyldary iske qosýdy josparlap otyr. Sol kezde frantsýzdar sarqylmas qýat kózine qol jetkizetin bolady.
– Aidyn Aiymbetov ǵaryshqa ushqanda sizderdiń ǵylymi jumystaryńyzǵa bailanysty ǵaryshta ǵylymi tájiribe júrgizgenin estidim. Sol ǵylymi jumys jaiynda aitsańyz...
– Ádette gazdy iondap plazma alamyz. Iondaýdyń eki tásili bar. Birinshisi – úlken magnittik óris arqyly iske assa, ekinshisi – joǵary temperatýranyń kómegimen júzege asady. Osy iondalǵan plazmaǵa untaq qossańyz, ol tozańdy plazmaǵa ainalyp, kristal paida bolady. Ony kristal dep ataýdyń ózindik sebebi bar. Plazma kristalynyń torlary kádýilgi qatty kristaldyń torlaryna óte uqsas. Bizder osy plazmalyq kristaldy tartylys kúshi joq ǵarysh keńistiginde qandai kúige túsetinin bilý úshin Aidyn Aiymbetov plazmalyq kristaldy ózimen birge ǵaryshqa alyp ushyp, ǵylymi tájiribe jasady. Ǵylymi-zertteý jumystarynyń nátijesinde ǵaryshta gravitatsiia kúshi 0-ge teń bolǵandyqtan plazmalyq kristaldyń shar tárizdi úlkeietinin baiqadyq. Bizder ǵaryshta júrgizilgen tájiribelerdi zerttep, joǵary impakt-faktorlyq kórsetkishke ie «Eýropalyq fizika seriiasy» jýrnalyna ózimizdiń maqalamyzdy jariialadyq. Búginde bizdiń maqalamyzǵa kóptegen silteme jasalynýda. Aldaǵy ýaqytta ǵaryshta júrgizilgen tórt tájiribe boiynsha zertteý jumystaryn júrgizip, eki ǵylymi maqala jariialaýdy kózdep otyrmyz. Osylaisha plazmalar tehnologiiasynyń damýyna Qazaqstan atynan óz úlesimizdi qosyp jatqan jaiymyz bar.
Nurlan JUMAQANOV,
«UMǴTSO» AQ Qoǵammen bailanys bóliminiń jetekshisi
