Qazaqstannyń jaiylymdy jerleri
Osy oraida, qoldanystaǵy jaiylymdardy jaqsartyp, shalǵai jaiylymdardy múmkindiginshe igerý et óniminiń artýyna úlken septigin tigizeri sózsiz. Mysaly, etti baǵyttaǵy iri qara salasy damyǵan Kanada, Braziliia, Argentina memleketterinde et óniminiń basym bóligin jaiylymda semirgen maldyń eti quraidy. Árine, olardyń mal tuqymy men jaiylymdary basqa, degenmen osy tájiribeni biz paidalanǵanymyz jón.
Elimizde tabiǵi mal azyǵy jerleriniń jalpy kólemi 189 mln gektardan astam nemese barlyq jer qorynyń 70% -yn quraidy. Osy jerdiń 184 mln gektary – jaiylymdyq, al 5 mln gektary – shabyndyq jer telimderi.
Ulan-ǵaiyr dalamyzda birneshe tabiǵi aimaqtar men eki taýly óńir bar. Jer bederine orai osy alqaptardyń mal azyqtyq sipattamasy da, onda ósetin shópti paidalaný qarqyndylyǵy da ár alýan. Jaiylymnyń 25%-i qumdy jerlerde, 18%-teii taýly jerlerde jáne 5%-ten astamy oipatty jerlerde ornalasqan.
Ártúrli tabiǵi aimaqtarda birneshe jaiylym túrleri kezdesedi. Tabiǵattyń osy bir ereksheligin jiti baiqaǵan babalarymyz jaiylymdy maýsymdy paidalanýdy jaqsy meńgergen. Ǵylymi turǵydan keńistik model dep tanylǵan jaiylymnyń osylai ornalasýy landshaftyq sipattamasyna bailanysty ósimdikterdiń óńirlik túrlerin qamtyp, keń alqapty alyp jatyr. Máselen, Moiynqum-Betpaqdala-Saryarqa jaiylym kesheni ońtústikten soltústikke qarai 500-den astam kilometrge sozylsa, Alataý-Balqash kesheni 200-250 kilometrdi alyp jatyr.
Elimizde tabiǵi jaiylymdar, negizinen, shól aimaqta ornalasqan, kólemi 91 myń gektardan asady, onyń ishinde 1,3 myń gektardan astamy shabyndyqqa jaramdy. Shól aimaqta ósetin ósimdikter kóbine shala butaly ósimdikter. Ústirt, Betpaqdala, Sarysý jazyǵy sazbalshyqty jáne tastaqty shól alqaptaryna jatady. Bul alqaptarda jýsan, jýsandy-sorań jáne rań tárizdester men efemeroidty shópter aralas ósedi. Qyzylqum, Moiynqum alqaptary qumdy shól aimaǵyna kiredi. Osy jaiylymdarda jýsan, rań tárizdester jáne shala buta ósimdiktermen qatar butaly ósimdikter – júzgin, sekseýil, qum qaraǵany jáne basqa da túrleri aralas ósedi. Shól ósimdikteriniń túsimi turaqty emes, ónimdiligi 3 tsn/ga aspaidy. Taý eteginiń tabiǵi jaǵdaiy árkelki, negizinen jýsan men rań tárizdester kezdesedi ári túsimi de tómendeý.
Taýly aimaqqa Altai jáne Tian-Shan taýlarynyń jaiylymdary enedi, kólemi 9 myń gektardan asady. Biiktigi jáne tabiǵi beldeýleri alýan túrli. Mysaly, 600-1500 metr biiktiktegi beldeýge soltústik Tian-Shan taýlaryna qarasty Ile Alataýy men kúngei Alataýdyń soltústik baýraiy enedi. Osy alqaptarda betege, aqseleý basym kezdesedi, túsimi 5 ts/ga aspaidy. 1500-2400 metr biiktikte ormandy-shalǵyndy beldeý ornalasqan, mundaǵy ósimdikter shalǵyny alýan túrli, túsimi 20 tsn/ga quraidy.
Jaiylymdy maýsymdy kezeń boiynsha paidalaný mańyzdy
Qazaqstanda birneshe tabiǵi aimaqtaǵy, ártúrli beldeýdegi alýan túrli jaiylymdy maýsymdy paidalanýdy ósimdikterdiń ónip-ósý ereksheligine, alqaptaǵy shóp qaýymdastyǵynyń quramyna jáne aimaqtyq beldeýdiń klimattyq sipatyna qarai qarastyrý kerek. Jaiylymdy tiimdi paidalaný ár beldeýdiń maýsymdyq áleýetin barynsha júzege asyrýǵa baǵyttalǵan. Bir aimaqta ornalasqan ártúrli jaiylymdardy óz kezegimen shóptiń jetilgenine orai paidalansa ǵana jaiylymdyq keshenniń tutastyǵyna nuqsan kelmeidi. Tabiǵi jaiylymdardyń osy maýsymdyq sipatyn igergen babalarymyz kóktem, jaz, kúz mezgilderinde shóptiń jetilgenine orai órisin tańdap, árdaiym mal jaiylymyn aýystyryp otyrǵan.
Elimizge tán ártúrli tabiǵi aimaq pen beldeýlerdi qiyp ótip, jaiylymnyń shalǵynyn jep, shuraiyn ketirmei, óristegi shóptiń tuiaqkesti bolýyna jol bermegen. Keńes Odaǵy qurylǵanda da kóshpeli mal sharýashylyǵynyń erekshelikteri ǵylymi turǵydan zerttelip, shalǵai mal sharýashylyǵy (otgonnoe jivotnovodstvo) salasy damytyldy. Babalar izimen jer yńǵaiyna orai dalalyq, shóleittik jáne taýly jaiylymdar áleýetin maýsymyna qarai tolyq paidalaný júzege asty.
1942 jyly qabyldanǵan «Ujymshar men keńsharlardaǵy mal sharýashylyǵyn damytý jáne mal basyn saqtaý» («O sohranenii molodniaka i razvitii jivotnovodstva v kolhozah i sovhozah») qaýlysy negizinde Memlekettik jer qorynan qosymsha jaiylymdyq jerler berilip, shalǵai mal sharýashylyǵyn órkendetýge jol ashyldy. Osy sheshim elimizdiń jaiylymdyq jerleriniń maýsymdyq ereksheligin igerýge serpin berdi.
Jaiylymdyq keshenniń quramyna enetin mal óristerin (jaiylym tipi) óz ýaqytynda paidalaný alǵyshart boldy. Óitkeni negizgi maqsat ár óriske tiesili azyqtyq qor mólsherin tolyq igerý, jaiylym tutastyǵyn buzbaý ári mal órisin jutatpaý sharttary jaiylymdy tiimdi paidalanýǵa muryndyq boldy. Jaiylym keshenderin júiesiz paidalaný óristerdiń jutaýyna ulasyp, ekologiialyq qolaisyzdyq týdyratyny anyq. Qazaq mal sharýashylyǵy jáne mal azyǵy óndirisi ǵylymi-zertteý institýtynyń uzaq jyldyq zertteýleri osyny dáleldeidi.
Ne isteýimiz kerek?
Osy máseleniń túiinin sheshý úshin qalyptasqan ustanymdarǵa súienip, qarapaiym sharttardy júzege asyrǵan jón. Mysaly, jaiylymdyq keshenniń quramyndaǵy jaiylym tipterin eskerip, óristegi shóp qaýymdastyǵynyń jetiletin ýaqytyna orai malǵa jegizip, óris shóbin tyqyrlatpai, kelesi óriske aýystyryp otyrǵan jón.
Tuiaqkesti bolǵan jaiylymda birjyldyq tabiǵi shópter pisip jetilmei óristiń kúii ketedi de, jalpy azyqtyq qor mólsheriniń azaiýyna yqpal etedi. Iaǵni jaiylym tipterine orai, óristi óz ýaqytynda paidalanyp, ásirese jaiylymnyń ónimdiligine sai mal basy ustalyp, ýaqtyly óris aýystyrylyp otyrylsa jaiylym jutamaidy.
Qoldanystaǵy jaiylym tarlyq etse, shalǵai jaiylymdardy igerýdi qolǵa alsa bolady, ne qoldanystaǵy jaiylymdardyń jaǵdaiyn jaqsartý barysynda mal tuiaǵyna tózimdi jaiylym shópterin ústeme egip, jalpy azyqtyq qor mólsherin molaitýdy júzege asyrýdy qarastyrǵan abzal.
Egemendik alǵan jyldardan beri shalǵai jaiylymdardy paidalaný úrdisi de, jaiylymdardy jaqsartý jumystary da jalǵasyn tappai, toqyraýǵa ushyrady. Alǵashqy jyldary mal basy azaiyp, azyq qory jetkilikti bolǵanymen, memlekettik qoldaý jumystarynyń yqpalymen mal basy kóbeiip, qazirgi tańda qol jetimdi jaiylymdarda mal shamadan tys kóbeidi. Sharýalar mal ósirýdiń qarqyndy tehnologiiasyn eskermei, kóbine, ekstensivti jolmen qoldanystaǵy jaiylymdy barynsha paidalanýdy maqsat tutty.
Ókinishke orai, otandyq ǵalymdardyń jaiylymdardy tiimdi paidalaný boiynsha usynystary tek qaǵaz júzinde qaldy. Maýsymdyq ereksheligine orai jaiylymdy aýyspaly qoldaný, mal basyn azaitý jáne jaiylym merzimin qysqartý arqyly tozǵan jaiylymdardy qalpyna keltirý jumystary jasalynbady. Shyǵynsyz oryndalatyn osy ádisterdi iske asyrýǵa sharýalar umtylmady. Qarjy talap etetin ádis – jaiylymdy jaqsartý sharalary keibir ozyq sharýashylyqtar tarapynan ǵana qoldaý tapty.
Baspasóz betterinde jariialanyp jatqan, depýtattyq minberden aitylyp jatatyn janaiqai qanshama? Osy máseleniń astarynda júiesizdik jatqany janǵa batady. Mysaly, «Mal sharýashylyǵy jáne mal azyǵy óndirisi ǵylymi-zertteý institýty» ǵalymdary elimizdiń tabiǵi aimaqtaryn, geografiialyq óńirlerin, ákimshilik aýmaqtyq qurylymyn eskere otyryp 192 basym tiptegi jaiylymdarda mal jaiýdyń ekologiialyq (mólsheri) shektelimi boiynsha usynys engizgen.
7 mlrd teńgeniń qaitarymy boldy ma?
Mal jaiýdy ońtailandyrý maqsatynda jaiylym resýrstaryn paidalaný joldary da ázirlengen. Osy qujattar negizinde aýyl ákimderi 1 gektar jaiylymda qansha mal jaiýǵa bolatynyn anyqtai alady. Is júzinde ne istelip jatyr degen saýal kókeidi kerneidi.
Qoldanystaǵy zań aiasynda jaiylymdardy qoldaný men saqtaýǵa baǵyttalǵan talaptar qarastyrylyp, memlekettik turǵydan qoldaý kórsetý qamtylǵany kóńilge demeý. Bilik tarapynan qoldanystaǵy zańnama aiasynda jaiylymdardy paidalaný erejeleriniń saqtalýyn baqylaý dármensizdikke boi aldyrdy. Sharýanyń tabysty jumys atqarýyn kúitteitin jergilikti bilik jaiylymdardy basqarý jáne olardy paidalaný josparyn júzege asyrýda salǵyrttyq tanytýda. Mysaly, respýblikalyq biýdjetten jylyna jerdi geobotanikalyq taldaýǵa shamamen 7 mlrd teńge bólinedi eken. Sonyń qaitarymy bar ma?
Meniń paiymdaýymsha, zamana talabyna sai agroónerkásip salasyn tsifrlandyrý úrdisi, iaǵni aqparattandyrý ǵana mal sharýashylyǵy salasynda qordalanǵan máselelerdi biryńǵai júiede, keshendi túrde sheshýge muryndyq bolady. Mysaly, aýylsharýashylyq jerlerin tekserý jáne jer kadastryn tsifrlandyrý baiaý júrip jatqany málim, al mal sharýashylyǵyna qatysty biregeilendirý (identifikatsiia) men aqparattyq taldaý (IAS) baǵdarlamalary áli jetildirýdi talap etedi. Osy jumystardyń atqarý barysyna taldaý jasalyp, júzege asýyna serpin berip, keshendi túrde bir maqsatqa jumyldyrylsa sharýa da, memleket te utar edi.
«Mal sharýashylyǵy jáne mal azyǵy óndirisi ǵylymi-zertteý institýty» ǵalymdary jaiylymdyq qorlardy tiimdi igerýdiń barlyq joldaryn qamtyǵan 5 interaktivti kartalardan turatyn WEB-portaldy jasap shyqty. Búgingi tańda sharýaǵa óte qajet anyqtama.
WEB-portaldyń elektrondyq karta qosymshasynda respýblika boiynsha árbir aýyldyq qurylym deńgeiinde elimizdegi barlyq mal azyǵy qory boiynsha ár jaiylymdyq tiptiń ereksheligi men syiymdylyǵy eskerilgen tolyq aqparat qamtylǵan. Jaiylymdardy sýmen qamtý kartasy bulaqtar, ózen men kólshikter, qoldan jasalǵan shahtaly jáne qubyrly qudyqtardyń sanyn kórsetip, osy sý kózderiniń jaǵdaiy, mólsheri, mineralizatsiia deńgeii jáne olardy qoldaný múmkindikteri týraly tolyq aqparat beredi.
Jaiylym áleýeti qamtylǵan mal basynyń syiymdylyǵy kartasynda 100 bas mal basyna eseptelgen jaiylymnyń maýsymdyq sipaty men mal azyǵy qory eskerilgen. Ásirese shalǵai jaiylymdardy igerýge qajet barlyq aqpar qamtylǵan. Al aýylsharýashylyq maldarynyń tuqymdyq aýdandastyrylýy nemese jersindirilýi týraly málimetter qamtylǵan elektrondyq karta sharýashylyǵyn damytam degen sharýalarǵa mazmundy maǵlumat beredi. Sharýa WEB-portalda qamtylǵan aqparattarǵa súienip, sol óńirge beiim mal ósirýdi jáne sharýashylyq tiimdiligin arttyrýdy josparlaýǵa tolyq múmkindik alady.
Sonymen, tutynýshylar tarapynan týyndaityn jaiylymǵa qatysty suranysqa bilik bolsyn, sharýalar bolsyn tolyq aqparatty osy WEB-portal júiesinen ala alady. Ǵylymdar daiyndaǵan júie memlekettik deńgeidegi basqa da qoldanbaly baǵdarlamalar legine kirikse, sharýa malyn kúittep, memleket ekonomikalyq turaqtylyǵyn saqtap, elimizde mal sharýashylyǵyn órkendetýdiń berik irgetasy qalyptasar edi.
Jaiylymdy jaqsartýdyń joldary
Qazirgi tańda sharýashylyqtar qoldanystaǵy tabiǵi jaiylymdy barynsha paidalanýǵa umtylady. Ásirese aýyl mańyndaǵy jerlerge mal erte kóktemnen shyǵyp, jaiylymdardyń tuiaqkesti bolýyna, óristerdiń azǵyndaýyna ári tozýyna jol berilýde. «Jer – Ana» dep qasterlep aitqanymyzben, jer paidalanýǵa kelgende qadirine jetpei jatqanymyz shyndyq. Áitpese, Qazaqstannyń barlyq óńirinde kezdesetin 192 tipti jaiylymdardy ońtailandyrý men tiimdi paidalaný usynystarynyń jergilikti ákimdik pen sharýalar tarapynan iske aspai jatqany salǵyrttyq.
Mal sharýashylyǵy damyǵan elder tájiribesine úńilsek, kóbine, tabiǵi jaiylymdardy astyq tuqymdas, burshaq tuqymdas shópter egý arqyly jaqsartý sharalary qarastyrylǵan. Osy máselede ǵalymdar tarapynan zertteýlermen qamtylyp, óndiriske usynys daiyndalǵanmen, sharýalar tarapynan qyzyǵýshylyq az. Keńes kezinde jaiylymdardy jaqsartý baǵytynda kóptegen ǵylymi izdenister jasalyp, kóptegen ázirlemeler óndiriske engizilip jatatyn. Sońǵy jyldary osy baǵyttaǵy izdenister legi de azaidy, sharýalar tarapynan daiyn ǵylymi ázirlemelerge degen suranys ta saiabyrsydy. Jaiylymǵa degen kózqaras shyǵyn shyǵarmai mal ósirý ustanymy aiasynan aspai jatyr. Sharýalar tarapynan jerdi qadirleý, jaiylymǵa degen janashyrlyq tanytý jetispei tur.
Elimizdiń soltústik óńirinde ǵalymdar usynǵan osy tehnologiia jappai iske asyrylsa, etti baǵyttaǵy siyrlardy ósirýdiń tiimdiligi artatynyna kúmán joq. Tehnologiiada ekpeli jaiylym tizbeginde úsh túrli shóptiń ósirilýi shendestirilgen: erkekshóp, tarlaý qiiaq jáne jazdyq suly.
Kóktem shyǵysymen mamyr aiynyń sońyna deiin mal tarlaý qiiaq egilgen telimde jaiylady, sonan soń maýsym aiynyń sońyna deiin erkekshóp teliminde jaiylady. Kelesi telimge aýysqan aralyqta jaiylymda mal aiaǵyna taptalyp, jelinbei qalǵan tarlaý qiiaq pen erkekshóp shalǵynyn shaýyp alý qarastyrylǵan. Osyndai sharalar nátijesinde, shilde aiynda tarlaý qiiaq egilgen telim qaitadan mal jaiýǵa daiyn bolady. Sonymen, tamyz aiy men qyrkúiek aiynda mal jazdyq suly egilgen telimde jaiyla turady. Qazan aiynda mal erkekshóp egilgen telim men tarlaý qiiaq egilgen telimderge qaita oralady. Osyndai júiemen túzilgen aýyspaly jaiylym alty ai boiyna maldyń azyqtyq qajettiligin tolyǵymen qamtamasyz etip, jaiylymdaǵy maldyń kúili qońyn saqtaidy.
Árine, jaiylym keshenin tiimdi paidalaný úshin tarlaý qiiaq pen erkekshóp jaiylymdaryn óristerge bólip tastaý qarastyrylǵan. Ár óristi 7-10 kún paidalanady. Tarlaý qiiaq egilgen jaiylym bir maýsymda úsh ret qoldanysta bolsa, erkekshóp jaiylymy eki ret paidalanylady. Mysaly, 100 siyrdy babymen baǵýǵa arnalǵan jaiylymdyq keshen quramyna 28-30 gektar tarlaý qiiaq egilgen telim, 28-30 gektar erkekshóp egilgen telim jáne 50 gektar jazdyq suly egilgen telim enedi. Sonymen, 100 bas siyrdy mal azyǵymen tolyq qamtý úshin jalpy kólemi 120 gektarlyq jaiylym jeri jetkilikti. Eger ylǵaly mol Eýropa elderinde bir bas siyrǵa 0,8-1,0 ga jaiylym qarastyrylsa, otandyq ǵalymdar usynǵan tehnologiiada bir bas malǵa qajet jaiylym 1,2 gektardan aspaidy. Etti baǵyttaǵy mal sharýashylyǵyn qarqyndy damytamyz desek, otandyq ǵalymdar jyldar boiy jinaqtaǵan ǵylymi ázirlemeler qorjynyndaǵy zamanaýi talapqa sai keletin tehnologiialardy júzege asyrý qajet-aq. Tek osy ázirlemelerdi óndiriske endiretin sharýalar tarapynan qyzyǵýshylyq, al memleket tarapynan yntalandyrý sharalaryn qarastyrǵan oryndy.
El basshysy talap etken aýyl sharýashylyǵyn damytýdyń Ulttyq jobasyn daiyndaý aiasynda, mal sharýashylyǵyn damytýdyń alǵysharty retinde mal azyǵyn qamdaý baǵytyna basymdyq berilgeni jón. Osy oraida, elimizdegi jaiylymdar qoryn barynsha igerý óndiriletin ónimniń ózindik qunyn arzandatyp, ekologiialyq taza ónim alýǵa múmkindik beretini belgili.
Aibyn TÓREHANOV, professor.
