Bioalýantúrlilikti qalai saqtaimyz?
Bul óz kezeginde, birinshiden, qazir mańyzdy kún tártibine engen bioalýantúrlilikti saqtaý men qorǵaýda ósimdik túrlerine jasalǵan monitoring bolsa, ekinshiden, jaiylymdyq jerlerdiń naqty azyqtyq ónimdiligin baǵalaý edi. Sol arqyly jaiylymdardyń syiymdylyǵyn eseptep, sol jerlerde jaiylatyn maldardyń sany anyqtalatyn. Qazir jerdiń basym bóligi jeke sharýashylyqtarǵa berilgen, olardyń bul máselege kóńil bólmeýiniń sebebinen jaiylymdar tozyp bar jatyr.
Memlekettik baǵdarlamalarda aýyl sharýashylyq jerlerin tiimdi paidalaný men naryqtyq ainalymǵa engizý, aýyl sharýashylyq jerlerin paidalanýda turaqty túrde monitoring júrgizý qarastyrylǵan. Sonymen birge Úkimettiń daǵdarys kezinde aýyl sharýashylyq salasyn qoldaý baǵdarlamalary bul salaǵa tyń serpin berse, aýyl sharýashylyq ónimin óndirýshiler úshin Qazaqstan men Qytai arasyndaǵy kelisimge sai Qorǵas keden beketinen Qytaiǵa aýyl sharýashylyq jáne bal ónimderin eksporttai alatynymyz jaǵymdy jańalyq bolyp otyr. Jan sany milliardtan asatyn kórshimiz biz úshin óte úlken naryq jáne olar úshin tabiǵi, taza taǵamdyq ónim kózi bolyp eseptelemiz. Alaida osy aitylǵan salany órkendetý jolynda sheshimi qiyn máseleler de bar, olardyń biri – jaiylymdardyń tozýy nemese jaiylym qorlarynyń durys paidalanylmaýy.
Qazir Qazaqstan Respýblikasynda 188,59 mln gektarǵa jýyq paidalanýǵa bolatyn tabiǵi jaiylym bar. 2015 jylǵy 1-qańtarda QR UEM statistika jónindegi komitetiniń málimetterine qaraǵanda respýblika aýmaǵynda sharýashylyqtyń barlyq kategoriiasynda jylqy malynyń sany 1819,4 myń basty; iri qara mal 5911,9 myń basty; qoi 17215,4 myń basty, eshkiler 2332,9 myń basty, túie 164,0 myń bas, qus 35 181,9 myń basty qurady. Alaida bul janýarlardyń el aýmaǵynda taralýy birkelki emes, keibir oblystarda jaiylymnyń qory árbir mal basyna shaqqanda 1 tsentnerge de jetpeidi. Bul, ásirese, halyq jii qonystanǵan jáne egin sharýashylyǵyna jerdi kóp paidalanatyn aimaqtarǵa qatysty bolyp tur. Sol sebepten bul óńirlerde jaiylymnyń tozýy beleń alýda.
Ekinshi sebep, mal basy azaiǵan kezde burynǵydai jaz jailaý, qys qystaý deitin otarly mal sharýashylyǵyn ózgeriske ushyratyp alǵanymyz. Sondyqtan qazir kóp aýyldardyń tabyn siyrlary men qoraly qoilary jyldyń tórt maýsymynda aýyl mańy jaiylymynda baǵylyp jatyr. Bul – et jáne sút ónimderiniń sapasy men aýyl halqynyń tabysy ósýine jáne ónimderdi tutynýshylardyń densaýlyǵyna áser etýde (Sebebi, jaiylym jetispegendikten, ónim óndirýshiler maldaryn qosymsha azyqtandyrýǵa májbúr. Olar beretin egin sharýashylyq ónimderiniń keibir tuqymdary genetikalyq modifikatsiialanǵan, al keibir daqyldarǵa túsimin joǵarylatý úshin himiialyq tyńaitqyshtar qoldanylǵan. Onyń ústine mal basyn artyq ósirip, ónimin bazarǵa sala almaǵandyqtan, biz sheteldik ónimderdi paidalanýdamyz).
Úshinshiden, halyq arasynda «tuiaq kesti bolý» atalyp ketken jaiylymnyń tozýy sol óńirdegi paidaly ósimdik túrleriniń quryp-joǵalýyna ákelýde. Joǵaryda atalǵan sebepter – tek aýyl sharýashylyǵynda ǵana emes, sonymen birge omarta ustap, bal óndirýshiler úshin de mańyzdy másele. Osy atalǵan máselelerdi sheshýdiń bir joly, ol – geobotanikalyq zertteý jumystaryn keńirek, joǵary dárejeli uiymdastyrý. Júrgiziletin zertteý jumystarynan kútiletin nátijeler mynandai bolmaq: birinshiden, jergilikti jáne jalpy el aýmaǵyndaǵy jaiylymdyq jerlerdiń syiymdylyǵyn esepteý, sol arqyly baǵylatyn mal sanyn belgileýge bolady; ekinshiden, ár óńirdegi ósetin ósimdikterdiń ontogenezdik ereksheligin eskere otyryp, jaiylym qorynyń shegin anyqtaýǵa múmkindik beredi; úshinshiden, jaiylymdyq jerlerdegi paidaly ósimdik túrlerin (mal azyqtyq, baldyq, tehnikalyq, dárilik t.b.) esepke ala otyryp, sharýalarǵa qosymsha kiris kózin tabýǵa múmkindik beredi, tórtinshiden, jergilikti ýly jáne aramshópter túrlerin anyqtap, olardyń ziianyn boldyrmaý, sanyn kóbeitpeý jaǵyn qarastyrady; besinshiden, otarly mal sharýashylyǵy men ara sharýashylyǵy úshin ár jerdegi efemer, efemeroidtardyń, basqa paidaly ósimdik túrleriniń gúldeý, jemis berý mezgilderi men qorlaryn sipattap, alynatyn óniminiń sany men sapasyn joǵarylatýǵa múmkindik beredi; altynshydan, barlyq adamzat balasynyń moinyna júktelgen bioalýantúrlilikti qorǵaý jáne saqtaýǵa usynystar jasalady; jetinshiden, sapaly geobotanikalyq kartalar jasalyp jáne jinalǵan málimetter qoryn joǵary oqý oryndarynyń arnaiy kýrstarynda oqý materialy retinde paidalanýǵa bolady.
Eń bastysy, osy kútiletin nátijeler boiynsha elimizdi ekonomikalyq órleýge jol ashýǵa, Elbasy alǵa qoiǵan «Ult josparynyń» oryndalý baǵytyndaǵy jumystardy júzege asyrýǵa bolady.
Árine, geobotanikalyq zertteý júrgizý, ol, eń aldymen, arnaiy baǵdarlamany jáne qarjylyq qoldaýdy qajet etedi. Sonymen birge bul jerde maman máselesin de eskermesek bolmaidy. Burynnan geobotanikalyq ǵylymi zertteý jumystaryn arnaiy botanikalyq zertteý institýttary jáne joǵary oqý oryndarynyń qyzmetkerleri júrgizip keldi. Sonyń ishinde ál-Farabi atyndaǵy Qazaq Ulttyq ýniversitetiniń biologiia jáne biotehnologiia fakýltetiniń ǵalymdary da memlekettik jobalar aiasynda birneshe irgeli zertteý jumystaryn júrgizýde. Alaida, olardyń kóbi aýyl sharýashylyǵyna qatyssyz sirek kezdesetin, relikti, endemdik jáne dárilik ósimdikterge arnalǵan zertteý jumystary. Búkil Qazaqstanǵa qajetti geobotanikter burynnan ál-Farabi atyndaǵy Qazaq Ulttyq ýniversitetinde daiyndalyp keledi. 2010 jyly ál-Farabi atyndaǵy QazUÝ-da geobotanika mamandyǵynyń magistratýrasy, 2012 jyly doktorantýrasy ashyldy. Memlekettik oqý baǵdarlamalaryna sai bakalavrdyń 1, 2 jyldarynda stýdentter botanika kýrsy boiynsha dala-oqý praktikasyna jiberiledi jáne botanika salasyna qatysty diplomdyq taqyryp tańdaǵan stýdentter 3, 4 kýrstarda óndiristik praktikadan ótedi. Botanikalyq zertteý ádis-tásilderdi jaqsy meńgergenderi geobotanika mamandyǵynyń magistratýrasyna túsip, oqýyn jalǵastyra alady. Degenmen, eger memleket jaiylymdar men bioalýantúrlilikti saqtaýǵa qatysty aýqymdy baǵdarlamany qolǵa alsa, árine, bizde kadr tapshylyǵy týyndaidy, sol kezde geobotanika mamandyǵy boiynsha bakalavr mamandyǵyn ashý ýaqyt talabyna ainalady.
Nashtai Muhitdinov, biologiia ǵylymdarynyń doktory, professor,
ál-Farabi atyndaǵy Qazaq Ulttyq ýniversiteti, biologiia jáne biotehnologiia fakýlteti.
Álibek YDYRYS, geobotanika mamandyǵy boiynsha PhD doktory, oqytýshy.
