Bul – aýrý ashyq jáne jabyq topyraq qabattarynda taralǵan. Kóshetterde tamyr shirigi sebilgen tuqym óskinderiniń jatyp qalýy arqyly baiqalady. Tuqym jarnaǵynyń astyndaǵy sabaq bóligi kúldirep, jińishkergen soń, ósimdik jatyp qalady. Birshama ósip-jetilgen óskinderde, olarda bir-eki japyraq paida bolǵan kezde mundai aýrý japyraqtardyń astynda paida bolady.
Ósip-jetilgen ósimdikter zalaldanǵan kezde japyraqtar tómengi jaǵynan bastap sarǵaiady da, birte-birte semip qalady. Sabaq pen tamyrdyń negizderi (tamyrǵa jaqyn bóligi) qońyrqai tartady da, úgitilip túse bastaidy.
Infektsiianyń negizgi kózine zalaldanǵan ósimdik qaldyǵy men topyraq jatady.
Tamyr shirigi qolaisyz aýa raiy jaǵdailary men topyraq quramynyń nasharlyǵy saldarynan (aýa raiynyń tez aýysyp turýy, sýyq sýmen sýarý, ylǵaldylyqtyń joǵary bolýy, topyraqta tuzdyń mol jinalýy, engiziletin tyńaitqyshtar mólsherin arttyryp jiberý, topyraqtyń betki qabatynyń qabyrshaqtanýy jáne basqalar) áljýaz tartqan ósimdikterdi zalaldaidy.
Aq untaq aýrýy. Aýrý qozdyrǵyshtary – Erysiphe cichoracearum Pot., Sphaerotheca fuliginea Poll. sańyraýqulaqtary. Aýrýdyń ziiandylyǵy zaqymdalǵan japyraq betteriniń, iilýge jáne jemisteriniń tez sarǵaiýyna, vegetatsiialyq qysqarý kezeńi bolyp tabylady.
Egistikterdegi qiiardyń aýrýlary jappai gúldeý kezinde jáne jemis beretin kezinde jekelegen aq jabyndy konidiialyq sporalarynda dóńgelengen aq daqtardyń paida bolýymen baiqalady.
Aýrý qozdyrǵyshtar joǵary temperatýraǵa tózimdi keledi. Biraq aýrýdyń damýyna joǵary ylǵaldylyq qajet, ásirese qatpaly eginjailarda,barlyq oipattarda, sýarmaly kanaldardyń shet jaǵynda. Sańyraýqulaqtar vegetatsiia kezinde konidiialary qoldanylady, sańyraýqulaq betinde massa paida bolady. Uryq deneleri ósimdik qaldyqtarynda qystaidy.
Bakterioz nemese buryshty teńbil. Aýrý qozdyrǵyshy – Pseudomonas lachrymans Smith et Bryan bakteriiasy. Aýrý barlyq jerde ashyq topyraqta kezdesedi, sonymen birge onyń jylyjailarda da kezdesýi múmkin.
Qiiardyń tuqym jarnaqtarynda usaq aqshyl qońyr mailanǵan daqtar túziledi. Olar tez jaiyla bastaidy. Zalaldanǵan óskinder qýrap, túsip qalady. Japyraqtarda dóreki maily qarakók nemese talshyqtar jiektelgen, tómengi jaǵy sary shyryshpen – eksýdatpen (bakteriialar jinalǵan) jabylǵan qońyr daqtar paida bolady.
Aýa raiy qurǵaq kezde olar keýip qalady jáne aqshyltym qabyqshamen jabylǵan tárizdi kórinedi. Ulpalardyń edáýir bóligi jarylyp ketedi de úgitiledi, osylaisha túse bastaidy, japyraqtarda oiyqtar paida bolady. Japyraqtar saǵaqtarynda, jemister men sabaqtarda bastapqy kezde kópirshiktengen daqtar paida bolady, budan soń kebedi de, oiyqtar paida bolady. Sol jerlerde aýa raiy ylǵaldy bolǵan kezde lai tárizdi suiyq tamshy (eksýdat) anyq baiqalady.
Tuqym – osy aýrýdyń negizgi infektsiiasy, alaida bakteriialardyń ósimdik qaldyqtarynda da saqtalyp qalýy yqtimal. Bakteriialar ósimdikterdiń birinen ekinshisine jańbyr kezinde jelmen taraidy da, ósimdik boiyna sańylaýlar jáne jaraqattar arqyly enedi. Aýrý ylǵaldylyq joǵary bolǵan kezde jáne aýanyń qalypty temperatýrasy 25-27ºS-ge jetkende qarqyndy dami bastaidy.
Perenasporoz nemese jalǵan aq untaq aýrýy. Aýrý qozdyrǵyshy – Pseudoperonospora cubensis Rostows sańyraýqulaǵy.
Ońtústik Qazaqstan oblysynda taraǵan qiiar aýrýlarynyń birden-bir túri. Jaǵymdy jaǵdailarda jáne der kezinde qorǵanys sharalary jasalmaǵan jaǵdaida egistiktiń tolyqtai joiylýyna ákep soǵady.
Barlyq jerde ashyq jáne qorǵalǵan topyraqta kezdesedi.
Zalaldanǵan japyraqtardyń joǵary jaǵynda buryshtalǵan qońyr sary daqtar paida bolady. Olar birte-birte ulǵaiyp, bir-birine qosylyp ketedi. Japyraqtyń tómengi jaǵynan osy daqtarda asa qoiý qońyr, kúlgin tústi óńezder túziledi. Olar sańyraýqulaqtyń konidiialy spora túzilisinen turady. Aýrýǵa shaldyqqan japyraqtar úgilgish, tez synǵysh bolyp keledi de túsip qalady.
Infektsiianyń negizgi kózi – ósimdik qaldyqtary, ásirese osporalary, qystap shyqqan qaldyqtar. Aýrýdyń damýyna ylǵaldylyqtyń joǵary bolýy (100%-ǵa jýyq nemese tamshyly suiyq ylǵal) jáne aýa temperatýrasynyń 15-22ºS bolýy yqpal etedi.
Alternarioz. Aýrý qozdyrǵyshy – Alternaria cucumerina (Ell. et Ev.) Elliott sańyraýqulaǵy. Aýrý jemis-jidek jetilý kezinde baiqalady, bastapqyda japyraqtyń tómen jaǵynda, kishigirim (0,2-0,3sm), sál tómpeshikti, qurǵaq, dóńgelek pishindi ashyq qońyr tústi bolyp keledi.
Aýrýdyń belgisi japyraq aimaqtarynda paida bolýymen minezdeledi. Daqtyń betinde sańyraýqulaqtyń konidiiasy sál baiqalady, ásirese japyraqtyń tómengi jaǵynda. Keide aýrýdyń belgileri japyraqtyń shet jaqtarynan baiqalýy múmkin, iaǵni úlken qońyr daqtar anyq emes shetterde baiqalýy múmkin. Alternariozdyń damýyna aýanyń joǵary ylǵaldylyǵy jáne tamshyly ylǵaldylyq qajet. Aýrý tuqymnyń betinde jáne zaqymdanǵan ósimdik qaldyqtarynda mitseliialarynda jáne konidiialarynda saqtalady.
Antraknoz. Aýrý qozdyrǵyshy – Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk) Arx sańyraýqulaǵy. Antraknozdyń zaqymy eginniń sany men sapasyna keri áserin tigizedi. Antraknozben zaqymdalǵan japyraq nashar fýnktsiialanady.
Aýrý qiiardy, jemis-jidekterdi, japyraqtary men butalaryn zaqymdaidy.
Birinshi belgileri jas ósimdikterde baiqalady, tamyrynda qońyr tústi daq paida bolady. Keide daq ósimdiktiń barlyq sabaǵyna taraýy múmkin, saldarynan ósimdik joiylady. Antraknozdy japyraqtarynda sopaq jáne dóńgelek sarǵysh qońyr tústi túri baiqalady, kólemi 3mm den 3-4sm deiin. Olar japyraq plastinkalarynda jáne japyraq aralarynda ornalasady. Aýrý qatty órshigen jaǵdaida daqtar tógiledi, iaǵni japyraqtyń úlken bólgin alady.
Japyraqta daqtar kóbeiip, tesikter paida bolady. Sosyn aýrý sabaǵyna jáne japyraqqa óte bastaidy, uzyn ashyq qońyr tústi sýly daq paida bolady. Aýrýdyń qatty damýy kezinde sabaq synyp, ósimdik óledi. Uqsas daqtar jas ósimdikterde de baiqalady. Jemister qisaiyp, ashy dám beredi. Vegetatsiianyń sońyna qarai maida qara skeloratsiia paida bolyp, sańyraýqulaqtyń qystaý kezeńi bastalady.
Sańyraýqulaq temperatýranyń keń sheginde damidy – 4 ten 30ºS deiin jáne aýa ylǵaldylyǵy joǵary – 90-98%. Ylǵaldylyq 60ºS tómen bolsa aýrýdyń damýy toqtatylady. Vegetatsiia kezinde aýrý jándikterdiń, jaýyn-shashyndy jáne sýarmaly sýda, aýa aǵyndarynyń kómegimen taralady. Sańyraýqulaq sklerotsiia túrinde ósimdik qaldyqtarynda jáne aýrý ósimdikterden jinalǵan dánderde qystaidy.
Kádimgi mozaika. Aýrý qozdyrǵyshy – Cucumis virus-1, Smith. virýsy. Negizinen alǵanda, ashyq topyraqtaǵy qiiar egisinde baiqalady. Óskinderdiń tuqym jarnaqtary sarǵysh tartyp, jetilip óse bastaǵan ósimdikterdiń negizgi talshyǵy boiymen ulpalary aqshyldanady, talshyqtary arasynda sary daqtar paida bola bastaidy. Japyraqtary qatparlana búktetilip, ósimdiktiń ósýi birshama tejeledi. Analyq gúl shanaqtarynyń sany kemidi. Tuqymdarynda sarǵysh-jasyl teńbilder paida bolady, keide búkil jemisi sary-jasyl túske ainalady. Aýrýǵa shaldyqqan ósimdikter kóbinese semip qalady, gúlderi qýrap jeli sabaqtary sarǵaiady. Virýs bir ósimdikten ekinshisine bitpen beriledi. Virýs tuqymdarda jáne kópjyldyq aramshópter tamyrlarynda qystaidy. Ósimdik qaldyqtarynda infektsiia saqtalady, iaǵni tuqym ishinde. Tuqymda infektsiia eki-úsh aiǵa deiin saqtalady.
