Qutty maldyń quty ketpesin
Qazaq qaýymy ósirgen siyr maly tabiǵi suryptaýdyń tól týyndysy retinde, týyp ósken óńirlik erekshelikterine orai ártúrli bolǵan. Aitalyq, «Jetisý» siyry – aýa-raiy qolaily ońtústik óńirde ósirilgendikten boishań, iri deneli bolsa, shól jáne shóleit aimaqtarda – tabiǵattyń qatal synyna tózimdi, denesi shaǵyn siyrlar keń taralǵan. Al elimizdiń, kóbine, batysynda ósirilgen qazaq jáne qalmaq siyry dep atalǵan siyrlar – shymyr deneli, shaǵyn kelgen, ózine tán erekshelikteri mol mal bolyp qalyptasqan.
Akademik E.F. Liskýn, A.V. Lanin jáne basqa da kóptegen zertteýshiler dalada ósirilgen qazaqy siyrdyń eti joǵary sapaly ónim retinde Reseidiń bazarlarynda jaqsy baǵalanǵanyn jazǵan. Resei patshalyǵy kezinde sapasy joǵary «cherkes eti» degen atpen tanylǵan maqtaýly ónimge dalalyq jaiylymda ósken ýkrain kók siyry men qazaq siyrynyń etteri jatqyzylǵan.
Keńes zamanynda mal sharýashylyǵyn órkendetý barysynda alǵashqy sharalardyń biri retinde jergilikti maldyń ónimdiligin jaqsartý úshin olardy mamandandyrylǵan etti baǵyttaǵy tuqymdarmen býdandastyrý qolǵa alyndy. Osyndai maqsatpen 1928 jyly aǵylshyn jáne ýrýgvai elderinen 1240 bas gereford tuqymynyń siyrlary ákelinip, onyń 900 basy Qazaqstanǵa berildi. Sol kezde syrttan ákelingen 1,5 jasar aǵylshyn taiynshasy 475 keli salmaq tartsa, ýrýgvaidyń taiynshasynyń salmaǵy 344 keli boldy. Jergilikti maldyń solarmen qatarlas taiynshalarynyń salmaǵy 300 kelige jetpeitin bolǵan. Óitkeni, sol kezdegi derekterde qazaqy siyrdyń salmaǵy 240-384 keli arasynda bolǵany jazylǵan. Sonymen birge, zertteý derekterinde jergilikti dónen buqalardyń tańdaýlysy 360 keli, bes jasar buqalardyń tańdaýlysy 520 keli ǵana salmaq tartqany da keltirilgen.
Syrttan mal ákelýdiń basty maqsaty – jappai býdandastyrý arqyly jergilikti siyrlardyń ónimdik sapasyn jaqsartý edi. Sol úshin, tuqymdyq buqashyqtardy sharýashylyqtarǵa taratyp, al urǵashy taiynshalardy maqsatty paidalaný úshin jeke sharýashylyqtarǵa toptastyryp, asyl tuqymdy mal toby jasaqtalǵan. Jergilikti maldy jappai jaqsartýǵa jáne tuqymdyq deńgeii ár alýan maldardy, iaǵni birinshi jáne ekinshi býyn býdandardyń urpaǵyn ári qarai jaqsartý úshin atalyq jáne analyq tegi ár qily buqashyqtar «maqsatty juptaý» ustanymy boiynsha irikteldi. Býdan maldardyń etti baǵyttaǵy qasietterin bekitý, jergilikti jaiylymǵa tózimdiligin qalyptastyrý – selektsiialyq jumystardyń basty shartyna ainalǵan.
Ǵalymdar keltirgen málimetter boiynsha, sol kezde Ortalyq jáne Soltústik Qazaqstan óńirlerinde jergilikti maldyń saqa siyrlary 317-339 keli tartsa, Shyǵys Qazaqstan óńirinde jergilikti siyrlardyń salmaǵy orta eseppen 320-338 keli bolǵan, al Reseidiń Edil jaǵalaýyndaǵy sharýashylyqtarda jergilikti maldyń dene turpaty irileý bolyp, salmaǵy 377- 424 kg aralyǵynda aýytqyǵan.
Jergilikti maldy jaqsartýdy jáne jańa tuqym qalyptastyrýdy jedeldetý maqsatynda 1931-1932 jyldary syrttan taǵy da 800 bas gereford maly ákelindi, onyń 156 basy aǵylshyn elinen kelgen buqashyqtar edi. Selektsiialyq baǵyttaǵy osy ústeme jumystar, jergilikti maldyń ettiligin jappai jaqsartýǵa serpin berdi.
1937 jyly Lenin atyndaǵy Búkil Odaqtyq aýyl sharýashylyǵy Akademiiasy /VASHNIL/ sessiiasynda gereford tuqymymen býdandastyrý negizinde jańa etti siyr tuqymyn shyǵarý jumystarynyń tujyrymdamasy qabyldanady da, 1939 jyly Sovhozdar Ministrliginiń bastamasymen ekinshi qaitara Aǵylshyn elinen 88 buqashyq pen 100 taiynsha ákelinedi. Osy maldardyń 76 buqashyǵy jáne taiynshalary túgel Batys Qazaqstandaǵy «Ańqaty» sharýashylyǵyna beriledi. Osylaisha, etti baǵyttaǵy siyr malynyń jańa tuqymyn shyǵarý jumystaryna jańa pármen berilip, Qazaqstan Respýblikasy osy baǵyttaǵy jumystar boiynsha erekshe basymdyqqa ie bolady.
Osy bastama jergilikti maldy jappai jaqsartý úrdisine serpin berip, qazaqtyń maqtanyshy «qazaqtyń aqbas siyry» atty jańa tuqym shyǵarýǵa muryndyq boldy. Jergilikti maldy gereford tuqymymen jaqsartý Qazaqstan boiynsha 13 oblystyń 68 aýdanyn qamtydy. Býdandastyrý jumystary júrgizilgen sharýashylyqtar Qazaqstan jeriniń 48% aýmaǵyn, iaǵni 500 550 myń sharshy shaqyrym kólemin alyp jatty. Mal ósirilgen aýmaq shyǵysynda Tarbaǵatai taýynan bastalsa, batysynda Reseidiń Edil /Volga/ ózeniniń jaǵalaýyndaǵy dalaly óńirlerimen ulasty. Osyndai alymdy jumystardyń aýqymy qomaqty nátijege qol jetkizdi. Sol kezeńde jańa shyqqan tuqymnyń tiimdiligin baiqaǵan jergilikti halyq osy siyrdy «qutty mal» dep atapty.
Reseide jergilikti maldy gereford tuqymymen jaqsartý jumystary Orynbor, Volgograd, Sarytaý jáne Soltústik Kavkaz óńirleriniń sharýashylyqtarynda júrgizildi.
Atap ótetin jáit, býdandastyrý jumystary josparly túrde qarqyndy júrgizilgen. Mysaly, basynda bir buqashyq qoralap shaǵylystyrý ádisimen 100 bas analyqty qashyrsa, 1936 jyldary qoldan uryqtandyrý ádisin keńinen qoldana otyryp, bir bas asyl tuqymdy buqa 300-den asa siyr uryqtandyratyn deńgeige jetken.
Odaq kóleminde syrttan ákelingen gereford tuqymynyń 60%-dan astamy Qazaqstan aýmaǵynda paidalanyldy degen dáiekti derek bar. Ásirese, 1939 jyly ákelingen aǵylshyndyq gereford tuqymynyń tektik sapasy joǵary edi. Olar «Ańqaty» sharýashylyǵynda shoǵyrlandyrylyp, elimizdiń batys aimaǵynda etti baǵyttaǵy siyr malynyń iri deneli tuqymdyq tobyn qalyptastyrýǵa muryndyq boldy.
Ótken ǵasyrdyń otyzynshy jyldarynda Batys Qazaqstan, Aqtóbe, Shyǵys Qazaqstan, Aqmola, Qostanai, Qaraǵandy oblystarynda asyl tuqymdy mal sharýashylyqtary uiymdastyrylyp, syrttan ákelingen buqalardy jospardy túrde paidalaný jolǵa qoiyldy. Asyl tuqymdy mal sharýashylyqtarynda jańa tuqym talaptaryna sai keletin mal basy shoǵyrlandy, talap údesinen shyqpaǵan maldar jappai býdandastyrýmen shuǵyldanǵan sharýashylyqtardyń analyq basyn tolyqtyrýǵa paidalanyldy.
Jergilikti maldy jaqsartý jumysyna, kóbine, asyl tuqymdy sharýashylyqtarda ósirilgen tuqymdyq buqashyqtar qoldanyldy. Osylaisha, jańa tuqym shyǵarýǵa baǵyttalǵan selektsiialyq jumystar respýblikalyq deńgeide ǵalym-selektsionerlerdiń baqylaýymen, qajetti rettilikti saqtai otyryp júrgizilip, josparly túrde júzege asty.
Syrttan kelgen maldyń bizdiń tabiǵi jaǵdaiymyzǵa beiimdelýi ár óńirde ár qily ótti. Alǵashynda, kóptegen malda beiimdelý úderisiniń belgileri bolyp tabylatyn júrek qaǵysy men tynys alýy jiilep, denesiniń qyzýy kóterilip, jappai tersheńdigi baiqaldy. Jańa ortaǵa beiimdelý barysynda, basqa da qolaisyzdyqtar oryn aldy.
Mysaly, tabynǵa qosqanda syrttan ákelgen taza tuqymdy gereford jáne birinshi býyndyq býdan buqashyqtardyń belsendiligi tómendeý bolyp, buzaý alý josparynyń oryndalýy qiynǵa soqty. Taza tuqymdy jáne birinshi býyndyq býdan maldarda juqpaly aýrýlar, mysaly, týberkýlez, brýtsellez beleń aldy.
Dalada jaiylymda júrgen maldardyń arasynda koniýktivit pen keratit aýrýlary kóbeidi. Óz otanynda shóbi shúigin jaiylymda baǵylǵan maldar bizdiń aýqymy keń órisimizde tuiaǵynan kemdik kórdi. Siyrdy jappai jaqsartý barysynda mal ósirý máselesi qalyptasqan ádispen júrgizilip, tabiǵi suryptaý tezinen de ótkizildi. Osy ustanym jergilikti jerge beiimdelgen etti siyrdyń qalyptasýyn qamtamasyz etti.
Gereford tuqymynyń jergilikti jerge beiimdelýine, klimattyq jaǵdaimen qatar, tektilik qasiet te yqpal etkeni anyqtaldy. Mysaly, aǵylshynnan kelgen maldarǵa qaraǵanda, Kanadadan kelgen maldar klimaty qatal bizdiń tabiǵi jaǵdaiymyzǵa tez beiimdeldi. Óitkeni, Kanadanyń klimaty qatal jaǵdaiynda tabiǵi suryptaýdan ótken mal, bizdiń eldiń de aýa-raiyna kónbistigin kórsetti /A.V. Lanina/.
Sonymen qatar, eskeretin jáit – saraptaý barysynda aǵylshyn buqashyqtarynda «týystyq jaqyndyq» /inbriding/ oryn alǵany anyqtaldy. Qan jaqyndyǵy maldyń keibir belgileriniń bekemdelýine yqpal etkenimen, kóbine, aǵzanyń tózimdiligin álsiretip, qalypty qyzmetine nuqsan keltiretini genetika iliminde belgili jáit. Mysaly, aǵylshyn buqashyqtaryna tán II-III i II-II deńgeidegi týystyq jaqyndyq ekinshi býyn urpaqtarynyń ózara shaǵylysýyna jol berilgenine dálel.
Jappai býdandastyra otyryp, qoldaǵy maldy jaqsartý barysynda utymdy júrgizilgen suryptaý men juptaý jumystary respýblikamyzdyń barlyq óńirinde jańa tuqymdyq mal tobynyń qalyptasýyna yqpal etti.
Birinshiden, mal basy barynsha selektsiialyq jumyspen qamtyldy, ekinshiden, asyl tuqymdy sharýashylyqtarda tuqymdyq maldyń tańdaýly toby shoǵyrlanyp, atalyq maldar tańdalyp, iriktelip alyndy. Osylaisha, udaiy júrgizilgen suryptaý jumystary jáne maldyń belgili bir nyshandaryn jaqsartý maqsatynda qoldanylǵan syndarly juptaý úderisi jiyrma jyldyń kóleminde ózindik erekshe belgileri qalyptasqan jańa tuqymnyń shyǵýyna ulasty.
Odaq ǵalymdary men selektsionerlerine qoiylǵan talap – etti baǵyttaǵy belgileri jaqsy jetilgen jáne jergilikti tabiǵi ortaǵa beiim jańa siyr tuqymynyń qalyptasýy edi. Osy talaptardyń mejesi de belgilendi: saqa siyrlardyń salmaǵy 520-550 keli, buqalardyń salmaǵy 850-900 keli jáne 1,5 jasqa jetken buqashyqtar 450 keliden kem emes salmaq tartýy kózdeldi.
Asyl tuqymdy mal sharýashylyqtarynda syndarly suryptaý men juptaý jumystarynyń barysynda kóptegen atalyq izder qalyptasty. Ártúrli tabiǵi aimaqta ósirilgendikten tuqymishilik qurylymdyq mal toptary qalyptasty. Derekter legine súiensek, tek Qazaqstan aýmaǵynda etti baǵyttaǵy sapasy bekigen, tektik qasieti turaqtalǵan mal tobynyń ózi jeke dara jańa tuqymdy aprobatsiialaý deńgeiine jetkeni jazylǵan.
Reseidiń biraz óńirlerin qamtyǵan jáne selektsiialyq jumystary birdei ádistemelik ustanymdarmen atqarylǵandyqtan 1950 jyly Odaq kóleminde Ministrler keńesiniń qaýlysymen «Qazaqtyń aqbas siyry» degen atpen jańa tuqym bekitildi. Árine, bul úlken jetistik, ári maqtanysh edi. Qazaqstan jańa tuqymnyń mal basy jaǵynan, ósirilý aýmaǵynyń kólemi jáne selektsiialyq jumys barysynda qalyptasqan atalyqiz ben tuqymishilik qurylymdyq mal toptary /tip-súle/ sany jaǵynan Reseiden ozyq turdy. Aýqymy keń jumys jáne ǵalymdar men selektsionerlerdiń qajyrly eńbegi osylai nátijeli mejege jetti.
