Qazaq Ybyrai Altynsarindi aǵartýshy-pedagog, aqyn, jazýshy, etnograf retinde tanidy. Qazaq dalasynda alǵash mektep ashqan adam retinde biledi. Onyń “Kel, balalar, oqylyq!” atty óleńimen bilimge qushtarlyǵymyz artqan bizder “Bir Allaǵa syiynyp” degen alǵashqy joldarynyń túsip qalǵanyn keiin bildik. Osyndai óleńderi, tálim-tárbielik máni zor áńgimeleriniń kóptigine qaramastan, kezinde Altynsarinniń “shoqyndy”, “ólgende úiinen krest shyqty” dep aiyptalǵany belgili. Bul áńgimeniń túp tórkini qaidan shyqty, Ybyrai rasymen dinnen alystaý adam ba edi, mine osy suraqtarǵa maqalamyzda jaýap izdep kórdik.
Ybyraidyń azan shaqyryp qoiylǵan aty – Ibrahim
Isi qazaqtyń ustazyna ainalǵan Ybyrai Altynsarin 1841 jyly Qostanai oblysynda dúniege kelgen. Atalary oǵan “Ibrahim” degen esim berip, paiǵambar atymen atapty. Dál sol ýaqyttary “Ibrahim” jii qoiylatyn esimderdiń biri bolsa kerek. Óitkeni Semei óńirinde dúniege kelip jatqan qazaqtyń taǵy bir danyshpany - Abaidyń da esimin Qunanbai osy bir paiǵambar atymen bailanystyrypty. Alaida úlken kisileriniń, qaiyn atalarynyń attaryn atamaityn, ony óreskel qatelik kóretin qazaq kelinderi paiǵambarlar esimin qalai qurmettemesin?! Mine, osy sebepti Zere ájei Ibrahim atty nemeresin Abai atasa, Aiǵanym áje Muhammedqanafiiasyna Shoqan dep at qoiypty. Bizdiń búgingi keiipkerimiz Ybyrai da azan shaqyrylyp qoiylǵan “Ibrahim” esiminen solai kóz jazyp qalsa kerek.
Ybyraidyń ákesi Altynsary moldadan saýat ashqan qarapaiym jan bolsa, anasy Aimen ertegiler men jyrlardy jatqa biletin kókiregi oiaý, saýatty adam bolypty. Altynsary 1844 jyly kóterilisshilerdiń qolynan qaza tabady da, Ybyrai atasy Balǵoja bidiń baýyrynda ósedi. Balǵoja bi uzaq ýaqyt qypshaq rýyna starshyn bolǵan, bai, elge syily, bedeldi kisi eken. Ǵalym Názilá Irgebaeva Ybyrai boiyndaǵy ata tárbiesi týraly: «Nemeresin adaldyqqa, tapqyrlyqqa, týrashyldyqqa, sheshendikke baýlyǵan Balǵoja ony ózimen birge jiyn-toilarǵa alyp baryp, bilik aitqyzyp, qanatyn qataitqan. Jasynan zerek Ybyrai da atasyn jerge qaratpai alǵyrlyq tanytyp, kópshiliktiń úmitine ainalady. Atasy Balǵoja tóńiregine aqyn-jyraýlardy jinap, ózi de óleń jazǵan, iaǵni Ybyrai bala kezinen týǵan halqynyń mádenieti men ádebietinen sýsyndaǵan. Bilimniń parqyn bilgen Balǵoja Jańbyrshin tabysqa jetýdiń endigi joly – oqý dep bilip, kishkentai Ybyraidy Orynborda ashylady dep otyrǵan orys-qazaq mektebine kúni buryn jazdyryp qoiady. Bidiń ondaǵy maqsaty – árine, nemeresiniń bala oqytyp, pedagog bolýy emes, ákimshilik oryndarda qyzmet istep, sheneýnik, oryssha oqyǵan tóre bolyp shyǵýy, ata-anasyn asyraýy”, - dep jazady. Balǵoja bi oqýdaǵy nemeresine hat joldap, bir Qudaiǵa tapsyrǵanyn bylai sýretteidi
Úmit etken kózimniń nury – balam,
Janyńa járdem bersin Haq taǵalam.
Atań munda anańmen esen-aman,
Súiip sálem jazady búgin saǵan.
Atańdy saǵyndym dep asyǵarsyń,
Nadan bop bilmei qalsań, ah urarsyń.
Shyraǵym, munda júrseń ne eter ediń,
Qolyńa quryq alyp keter ediń.
Tentirep eki aýyldyń arasynda
Júrgenmen, ne muratqa jeter ediń? – deidi. Ata úmiti aqtaldy. Bilimge qushtar toǵyz jasar Ybyrai 1857 jyly mektepti Altyn belgige bitirip, mektep ákimshiliginen birneshe ret alǵys alyp, maqtaý qaǵazdarymen marapattalady. Eń qyzyǵy, sol mektepte orys, tatar tilderi, keńse qatynas hattaryn jazý úlgilerimen qatar, Islam dini sabaǵy júrgizilgen eken. Derekter Ybyraidyń ana tilinen ózge orys, arab, tatar, parsy tilderinde erkin sóilegenin aitady.
Allaǵa unamdy qasietterge umtylǵan Altynsarin
Dinimizde oqý, bilý, bilgenińdi ózgege úiretý qurmetti is sanalady. Imam Múslimniń sahih hadister jinaǵynda Ábý Hýraira (r.a.) riýaiat etken Paiǵambarymyzdyń (s.a.ý.) myna bir hadisinde: «Adam balasy dúnie salǵan soń onyń amaly toqtaidy. Tek myna úsh amaldyń saýaby iesine úzdiksiz jetip turady. Olar: jariia sadaqa, paidaly ǵylym, artynan duǵa qylatyn saliqaly perzent», - delingen.
Ybyrai Altynsarin ekinshi joldy tańdady. Shákirt tárbielep jetildirýge, oǵan ǵylym-bilim úiretýge, qarańǵy halqynyń kózin ashýǵa bar jan-tánimen kiristi. Bilgenin balalarǵa úiretýdi óziniń boryshy dep uǵyp: «Men qazaq jastarynyń klassikalyq gimnaziialarda, aýyl sharýashylyq akademiialarynda oqyp bilim alýyn, óz halqyna qyzmet etýin, jańalyqty is júzinde kórsete bilýin joǵary murat dep bilemin», – dep jazdy. 1860 jyly Jaiyqtyń shyǵysyndaǵy qazaqtarǵa arnalǵan bastaýysh mektepter ashylady degende, 19 jasar Ybyrai solai qarai barýǵa suranyp, aqyry Torǵai mektebine muǵalim bolýǵa ruqsat alady. Torǵaida mektep ashý ońai bolmady. El-jerdi, aýyl-aýyldy aralap, qarjy jinaǵan Ybyrai1864 jyly 8 qańtarda mektebin ashyp, kópten kútken maqsatyna jetedi. Osy kezde rýhani ustazyna shyǵystanýshy, professor N.I.Ilminskiige jazǵan hatynda Ybyrai: “Osy jyly qańtardyń 8-i kúni kópten kútken isim ornyna kelip, mektep ashyldy. Oǵan 14 qazaq balasy kirdi. Bári de jaqsy, esti balalar. Men balalardy oqytýǵa qoiǵa shapqan ash qasqyrdai qyzý kiristim», – dep jazady. Mine, aqyn osydan keiingi 25 jyldyq ómirin qazaq balalaryna arnap mektep ashý, olardy oqytý, tárbieleý, oqý quraldary men ádistemelik kitaptar jazýǵa arnady.
Ybyraidyń bilim berý joly ońai bolǵan joq. Aldynan túrli kedergiler kezdesti. Oqýdyń parqyn túsinbegen kei qazaq balalaryn bergisi kelmei biraz áýreledi. Oǵan “orysshyl” dep aiyp taqty. Biraq alǵan betinen qaitpaǵan Ybyrai Altynsarin 1879 jyly qazaq balalaryna arnalǵan “Qazaq hrestomatiiasyn” jazyp shyǵardy. Kitaptyń alǵashqy betterinde bilim-ǵylymnyń mańyzy aitylatyn “Kel, balalar, oqylyq!”, “Óner-bilim bar jurttar” óleńderi jazýly tur edi. Dańqty jazýshymyz Muhtar Áýezov Altynsarinniń bul eńbegin: Ybyrai – jańa úlgidegi aqyn, ári sol kezdegi Reseide batyl jańalyq jasap, «buratana» elder úshin tyń úlgidegi mektep ashýshy. Qazaqtyń eń alǵashqy mádenietti mektebin jasaýmen qatar, jazýshylyq pen oqytýshylyqty asa sheber, ónerli túrde qabystyrýshy,” – dep baǵalady.
Qazaq dalasyndaǵy mektepterdiń sanyn arttyrǵannan keiin Altynsarin olarǵa muǵalim daiyndaýdyń mańyzyn aityp: «Tamasha jaqsy pedagogika quraldary da, eń jaqsy ókimet buiryqtary da, ábden muqiiat túrde júrgizilgen inspektorlar baqylaýy da oqytýshyǵa teń kele almaidy. Muǵalim – mekteptiń júregi. Sondyqtan da men jaqsy oqytýshyny dúniedegi zattyń bárinen de qymbat kóremin» deidi. Nátijesinde, 1888 jyly onyń usynysymen Or qalasynda muǵalimder daiarlaityn mektep ashylady. Mektep ashyp qana qoimai, naǵyz muǵalim qandai bolýy kerektigin: Eger balalar birdeńeni túsinbeitin bolsa, onda oqytýshy olardy kinálaýǵa tiis emes, olarǵa túsindire almaǵan ózin kinálaýǵa tiis. Ol balalarmen sóileskende ashýlanbai, jumsaq sóilesýi, shydamdylyq etýi kerek, árbir nárseni de yqylaspen túsinikti etip túsindirýi kerek, orynsyz terminderdi qoldanbaýy kerek, mundai sózder oqýshylarǵa túsiniksiz bolady da, jalyqtyryp jiberedi», - dep aiqyn kórsetip berdi.
Bir adamnyń bilimge degen osynshalyq qumarlyǵy, sol joldaǵy jankeshtiligi tańdandyrmai qoimaidy. Ózi Ilminskiige jazǵan hatynda: “Meniń únemi umtylǵan tilegim – qalai da paidaly adam bolyp shyǵý edi. Al qazir osyǵan qolym jetip otyrǵanyn oilasam, kóńilim tolyq jubanysh tabady», - dep ultynyń qajetine jaraǵanyna kóńili qýanady. Osy joldardyń ózinen Ybyraidyń naǵyz imandy jan bolǵanyn baǵamdaimyz. Ol Allaǵa eń unamdy qasietterge umtyldy. Altynsarinniń muǵalim dostarynyń biri Fedor Sokolov ol jóninde bylai dep eske alady: “Ol óziniń jeke ómirinde de óte súikimdi, jomart júrekti aq kóńil adam boldy. Qazaq halqy da ony qatty qurmetteitin. Olai etetin tolyq jóni de bar edi: onyń esigi kelem deýshilerdiń qai-qaisysyna bolsa da árqashan ashyq turatyn. Ol óziniń aqyl- keńesin berýmen ǵana shektelmei, qiyn-qystaý kezde qinalyp kelgen adamǵa óz qaltasynan aqsha da berip jiberetin, keiin ony kóbinese qaitaryp ala da bermeitin. Qostanaidyń ziialy qaýymy ony saǵyna kútetin. Óitkeni ol kópshilikpen ortaq til tabysyp sóilesetin, otyrystyń sánin kirgizetin, kóńildi de súikimdi áńgimeler aitatyn», - dep eske alady...
Ybyrai Altynsarin shyǵarmashylyǵyndaǵy din taqyryby
Ybyrai Altynsarinniń qai týyndysyn alyp qarasaq ta, onyń negizi jaqsylyqqa, izgilikke qurylǵan. Ol óz shyǵarmalary arqyly oqý, bilimge ǵana shaqyryp qoimaidy, jaqsy adam bolýǵa da úndeidi. Ybyraidyń halyq arasyna keńinen taraǵan:
Bir Allaǵa syiynyp,
Kel, balalar, oqylyq!
Oqyǵandy kóńilge
Yqylaspen toqylyq, - degen óleńin, sholaq jattap kelip, táýelsizdikten keiin ǵana “bir Allasyn” qaita qosqanymyz barlyǵyna aian. Osy óleńniń ary qaraiǵy joldarynda:
Oqý bilgen tanidy,
Bir jaratqan Qudaidy.
Tanymaǵan Qudaidy
Neǵylǵanda unaidy...
«Shyraǵym, adam bolǵai» dep,
Ata-anań jylaidy.
Baladan qaiyr bolmasa,
Balany nege suraidy?! – dep oqý-bilim arqyly Qudaidy tanýdyń mańyzyn aityp qana qoimai, ata-anaǵa qaiyrly bala bolýǵa úndeidi. Al endi birde:
El qystap, kún kóredi janybynda,
Dám bolar alýan-alýan balyǵynda...
Tas tasta, altyn tasta synamaqqa,
Sonda da aqqan ózen qalybynda.
Qudiretin Qudaiymnyń kóresiń be?
Ne nájis toqtar ózen denesinde...
Arystan demalýǵa sýǵa kirse,
Balyqtar shymshyp oinar tóbesinde, - dep, ózendi ózgeshe jyrlap, tabiǵat qubylystaryn Qudaidyń qudiretimen bailanystyrady. Ybyraidyń qai jyryn alyp qarasaq ta, onyń tálim-tárbiesi, aitap oiy mol. Onyń óleńderine paiǵambarlar qissasy da arqaý bolady:
Jylaǵan Dáýit patsha toba qylyp,
Óziniń pende ekenin sonda bilip.
Munan soń Taq-Súleimen týdy deidi,
Otyz ulǵa bir ózin jora qylyp, - dep óleńmen órgen aqyn ony balalarǵa jatyq tilmen jeńil, ádemi etip baiandaidy.
Ybyrai Altynsarin óleńderin jan-jaqty taldaǵan alashtanýshy ǵalym Aigúl Isimaqova: “Aqyn balalarǵa paiǵambarlardyń tarihyn jetkizý arqyly zamandastaryn aram men haramdy, oń men soldy, aq pen qarany, ádildik pen ádiletsizdikti tani bilýge shaqyrady.
Umytpa bai boldym dep bir Qudaidy,
Jer jutqan qaiyrsyzdan Qarynbaidy.
Mekenin bilemisiz, qaida qaldy?
Jomarttyq qylǵan úshin Atymtaidy.
Qazaqtyń tarihi jyrlarynda Qarynbai men Atymtai týraly nusqalar bar. Biraq Ybyrai osy bir-aq shýmaqpen Qarynbai men Atymtaidyń basty erekshelikterin aityp ótken.
Araz bol, kedei bolsań urlyqpenen,
Kete bar, kesse basyń shyndyqpenen.
Qorek tap beinetten de, Táńiriń járdem,
Telmirme bir adamǵa muńdyqpenen.
Osynaý ǵibratty sózder qai zamanda da mańyzyn joimaityny belgili. Amerikalyq «Aqyldy bolsań, nege kedeisiń?» degen haiýandyq túsinikke qarsy Ybyrai Altynsaryuly osylai adal eńbekpen ómir súrý qajettigin alǵa tartady. «Urlyq túbi – qorlyq» ekeni osylai eske salynady jáne mańaiyndaǵy kedeilerdi osy haram isten saqtandyrady”, - dep jazady.
Ybyraidyń shaǵyn ǵibratty áńgimelerinen de jastardyń alary kóp. Ol jazǵan “Asan men Úsen oqiǵasyn” keshegi Paiǵambarymyzdyń (s.a.ý.) súiikti nemereleri Hasan men Huseiinniń esimderimen bailanystyryp ataǵan bolsa, “Asyl shóp” áńgimesindegi Zyliha men Bátima da Islam álemine belgili esimder. Ybyrai Altynsarin osy shaǵyn áńgimeleri arqyly adam boiyna izgiliktiń dánin seýip qana qoimaidy, biz bilýge tiis tulǵalarymyzdyń esimderin boiymyzǵa sińire túsedi.
Ybyrai jazǵan maqal-mátelderden imandylyq, musylmandyq qasietter tys qalmaidy. Ol bir maqalynda: “Halyqtan uial, Qudaidan qoryq” dese, endi birinde: “Qudaidan surasań - keshirer, kisiden surasań - eki kózińdi óshirer” nemese “Qoryq Qudaidan, qait raidan” dep, bázbireýlerdi raiynan qaitarǵysy keledi. Aqyrynda kóńili qalǵan kúide “Isiń aq bolsa, Táńirik jaq bolar” dep, nemese “Kiimi jamandy it qabady, peiili jamandy Táńirim tabady” barlyǵyn bir Qudaiǵa tapsyrady.
Ybyraidyń “shoqyndy” dep aiyptalýy
Ybyrai Altynsarinniń taǵy bir dini eńbegi “Musylmanshylyqtyń tutqasy” dep atalady. Ol óziniń Ilminskiige 1882 jyly 12 qyrkúiekte jazǵan hatynda: «Uly mártebeli, marhabatty tórem Nikolai Ivanovich! ...Qazirgi kezde qazaq arasynda Muhambettiń dini oqýy jaiylyp, etek alyp barady. Bul dini oqýdy kóbinese tatar jáne Buqar moldalary nemese tatar, Buqar medreselerinen oqyp shyqqan qazaqtar júrgizip otyr. Dini oqýǵa paidalanatyn quraldary – kóbinese qazaqqa túsiniktirek tatar kitaptary. Biraq onda eshqandai júie, kóbinde maǵyna joq. Sondyqtan, qazaq jastarynyń din jónindegi túsinikteri teris baǵytqa túsip ketpeýi úshin olarǵa óziniń ana tilinde jazylǵan, musylman dininiń negizgi rýhyna tolyq sai, din oqytý quraly bola alatyn «Musylmanshylyqtyń tutqasy» atty kitap jazyp shyqtym. Kitap tórt bólimnen quraldy. Birinshi bólimde iman týraly, ekinshi bólimde Qudaiǵa qulshylyq etý, iaǵni namaz oqý, oraza ustaý, kedeilerge sadaqa berý, qajyǵa barý jaǵy kórsetildi. Úshinshi bólimde – adamgershilik jaiy, tórtinshi bóliminde – namaz, oraza ústinde, basqa jaǵdailarda oqylatyn arabsha aiattar qazaq tiline aýdarylyp berildi. Asa qaiyrymdy Nikolai Ivanovich, osy kitabymdy sizge jiberip, muny bastyrý isine ózińizdiń aralasýyńyzdy suraimyn», – deidi. Aitsa aitqanyndai, kitap 1884 jyly Qazan qalasynan arab áripimen jaryq kórdi. Halyqty adasýdan saqtaý maqsatynda shyǵarǵan kitabyn onsyz da qazaq balalaryn oryssha oqýǵa úndep júrgenin unatpaityn dúmshe moldalar úlken synmen qabyldady. Túrli aiyptar taqty. Bul jóninde ybyraitanýshy ǵalym, professor Jamal Báshirova: “Ybyrai Jaratýshynyń baryna shek keltirgen emes. Biraq ol dúmshe moldalarǵa, saýatsyz dindarlarǵa ashyq qarsy shyqty. Óitkeni ol kezderi halyqqa bilim beretin imamdar edi. Ybyrai halyqty soqyr senimnen alystatqysy keldi. Iman degen – senim ekeni belgili, biz bul turǵyda Abai, Ybyrai, Shákerimderdiń eńbekterin zerttei kelip, «iman tek dini ǵana emes, sondai-aq ǵylymi senimdi de bildiredi» degen tujyrym jasadyq. Y.Altynsarinniń «Musylmanshylyqtyń tutqasy» atty kitabynyń kirispesinde «Imansyz etken jaqsylyqtyń paidasy joq... Máselen, bireý namaz oqysa da, ol namazdyń kerektigine kóńili durystalmasa, álbette, ol namaz bolyp tabylmaidy. ...Bes paryzdy oryndaýdy tek musylman bolyp kóriný úshin jasaǵan bolsa, ol da kúná», – delingen. Iaǵni, Ybyrai halyqty adal ómir súrýge shaqyra otyryp, onyń negizi ǵylym-bilim men imandylyqtyń ushtasýynda ekendigin basa kórsetken, - deidi.
Ybyraidy bul jaladan tek 1923 jyly sol kezdegi jas jazýshy Muhtar Áýezov “Sholpan” jýrnalynda “Ybyrai Altynsarin” atty maqala jazyp, qorǵap shyqty. Onda: «Ybyrai jaiynda osy kúnge sheiin tym-tyrys bolyp kele jatqanynyń sebebi bar shyǵar. Ol sebep – Ybyrai jaiyndaǵy el arasyndaǵy alypqashpa ósek. Ol ósek, qysqasynan aitqanda, mynaý: «Ybyrai orysqa satyldy. Shen alyp, shekpen kiiý úshin Ilminskii siiaqty qarajúrektermen jaqyn boldy. Aqysyna qazaq jurtyn shoqyndyryp bermekshi boldy. Tiri kúninde osy baǵytta qyzmet qyldy. Ólgende úiinen bir sandyq krest shyqty. Ózi shoqynǵan. Aty-jóni Ivan Alekseevich edi». Ybyraiǵa jabatyn jalanyń túri osy», – deidi de, jazýshy ol kisi týraly ósektiń shyǵýynyń sebepterin taldap, joqqa shyǵarady. Muhtar Áýezov Ybyraidyń ózi ólgen soń úiinen shyqqan bir sandyq krest degeni bir sandyq qaǵaz ekenin aitady. Bul - árine, Ybyraidyń dushpandarynyń, dúmshe moldalardyń taratqan ósegi bolatyn. Osy derekti óz zertteýlerinde jýrnalist Názira Járimbetova keltiredi.
Mine, aqynnyń beker aiyptalýy, sosyn ony Áýezovtiń aqtaýy osylai. Biraq eń ókinishtisi, «shoqyndy» degen sóz Altynsaringe kúni búginge deiin ilesip keledi. Onyń óleńderi nemese áńgimelerimen, «Musylmanshylyqtyń tutqasy» kitabymen tanys jannyń mundai qate qadamǵa barmasy anyq.
«Janazama 100 adam qatyssyn...»
Ybyrai Altynsarin 1889 jyldyń 17 shildesinde 48 jasynda dúnieden ótti. Ol týraly «Orenbýrgskii listok» gazetinen «Dala ýálaiatynyń gazetine» kóshirip basqan qazanamada Y.Altynsarinniń uzaqqa sozylǵan ókpe aýrýynan qaitys bolǵany aitylǵan. Aýyrǵan kezinde eshkimmen sóilespegen kúii únsiz jatypty. Tek jastyǵynyń astynan Qudaiǵa jalbarynyp, Qurannyń bir súresin eske alyp, janyna batqan aýrýǵa medet tilep jazǵan bir tilim qaǵaz tabylypty desedi. Janynda bolǵan adamdar «janazama 100 kisi qatyssyn» dep ósiet aitqanyn jetkizgen. Ózi aitqanyndai, Ybyraidyń janazasyna adam kóp jinalǵan. Tipti qaladan orys dostary arnaiy kelip, keiin Ilminskii «Ybyrai Altynsarin týraly este qalǵandardan» atty kitabyn Qazan baspasynan shyǵartady. Osynyń ózi Ybyraidyń halyq ishinde qanshalyqty qurmetti adam bolǵanyn kórsetse kerek.
Ybyrai Aiǵanys atty jubaiynan eki ul, bir qyz súigen. Uldaryn Allanyń súiikti esimderimen Abdolla, Ábdirahman dep atasy, qyzyna Sháripa degen at beripti. Ábdirahman men Sháripa jastaiynan qaitys bolyp, Abdolla ǵana qalady. 1928 jyldary bai tuqymy retinde qýdalanǵan Abdolla Qyrǵyzstanǵa qonys aýdaryp, sonda 52 jasynda qaitys bolǵan. Al odan qalǵan Naǵima atty qyz 1959 jyly qyrǵyz elinen Qazaqstanǵa kóship kelip, 1998 jyly 82 jasynda dúnieden kóshken.
Ómirin qazaq balalarynyń oqýyna, bilim alýyna arnap, otbasylyq tirshiligine onsha kóńil bólmegen Ybyraidyń kindigi osylai úzildi... Biraq ár oqyǵan qazaq óziniń Ybyraidyń murageri ekenin biler me eken, bilmes pe eken...
Túpnusqadaǵy taqyryp: "Bir Allaǵa syiynyp" oqýǵa shaqyrǵan Ybyrai Altynsarin nege "shoqyndy" atandy?
Marfýǵa ShAPIIaN, islam.kz
