– Abai Orazuly, búginde ózińiz basqaryp otyrǵan ǵylymi mekeme ózge uiymdarǵa qaraǵanda tabysty jumys istep jatqanyn bilemiz. Munyń qandai da bir syry bar ma?
– Bizdiń elden jasyratyndai eshqandai qupiia, syrymyz joq. Tynymsyz eńbektiń arqasynda jurttyń nazaryna iligip júrgen jaiymyz bar. Institýtymyz keńes zamanynda da eń tańdaýly ǵylymi mekemelerdiń biri boldy. 1958 jyldary elimizdiń soltústigindegi egis alqaptarynda ziiankester paida bolyp, ekken ónimniń 60 paiyzdan astamyn jep, jurttyń eńbegin esh qylǵan soń, bul máselemen kúresý úshin Qazaq ósimdikti qorǵaý jáne karantin ǴZI quryldy.
Al elimiz táýelsizdigin alyp, naryqtyq qoǵamǵa qadam basqanda institýt qiyn jaǵdaidy bastan keshti. Men institýtqa 2001 jyly direktor bolyp taǵaiyndaldym. Ol kezde jaǵdaiymyz máz emes edi. Keńes zamanynda 270 ǵylymi qyzmetker jumys isteitin institýtta bar bolǵany 14 qyzmetker qalǵan eken. Kópshiligi tirshiliktiń qamymen bazar jaǵalap ketipti. Jyldyq biýdjetimiz 7 mln. teńgeniń ar jaq, ber jaǵynda. Sodan bilikti ǵalymdardy qaita shaqyryp, olarǵa ýaqtyly ailyqtaryn taýyp berýge ýáde berdim. Ýáde bergen soń, ony oryndaý kerek.
Sol jyly memleket tarapynan bólinetin 7 mln. teńgege qarap otyrǵan institýttyń jyl aiaǵyna deiin tapqan tabysy 33 mln. teńgeni quraǵany esimde. Mine, sol qarqyndy joǵaltpai jumys istep kelemiz. Qazir institýttyń jyldyq biýdjeti 700 mln. teńgeden asady. Materialdyq jaǵdaimyz jaqsarǵannan keiin jastardy qatarymyzǵa tartyp, olardy syrt elderde oqytyp, biliktiligin kóterýge kúsh salyp jatqan jaiymyz bar. Bir sózben aitsaq, bizdiń instiýtta jumys isteitin qyzmetkerlerdiń bos ýaqyty joq. Qar ketip, kún jylynǵan bette sharýashylyqtardyń alqaptarynda jumys isteimiz, qysta zerthanalarda ǵylymi-zertteý jumystarymen ainalysamyz.
– Institýttyń ózge eldermen bailanysy qandai?
– O basta bizdiń ósimdikti qorǵaý, karantin salasy boiynsha mamandar tapshy boldy. Ǵylymi dárejesi bar qyzmetkerlerdiń sany men sapasyn arttyrý úshin Resei, Ýkraina jáne Ózbekstandaǵy áriptesterimizben tize qosyp, ǵylymi keńes quryp, mamandardy kóptep daiyndadyq. Búginde atqarǵan jumystarymyz nátijesin berýde. Qazirgi tańda institýtymyzǵa dúniejúziniń 12 elinen ǵalymdar kelip, jumys istep jatyr. Aitalyq, Polsha, Germaniia, AQSh, Japoniia, Izaril, Chili, Gollandiiadan kelip jumys istep jatqan ǵalymdar bar. «Bolashaq» baǵdarlamasy boiynsha damyǵan elderde oqyǵan jastarymyz da bizdiń instiýtta eńbek etýde. Olar elimizge zamanaýi tehnologiialardy, ǵylymi úrdisti ákelip, qazaq ǵylymynyń kókjiegin keńeitýde.
– Iá, qazir álem halqy organikalyq azyq-túlik ónimderin óndirýge bet burýda. Institýt osy baǵytta jumys istep jatyr. Ótken ǵasyrdyń 80 jyldarynda Eýropa elderi mol ónim alý úshin 1 gektar jerge 120 kelige deiin túrli ýly himikattardy sińirgen bolatyn. Al dál sol jyldary Qazaqstanda jerge beriletin himikattardyń kólemi 2 kelige jetpeitin. Osydan-aq, keń baitaq qazaq jerinde organikalyq azyq-túlik ónimderin óndirýdiń qanshalyqty múmkindigi bar ekenin baǵamdaýǵa bolady.
Qazirgi tańda bizder syrt elderden túrli daqyldardyń jaqsy sorttaryn ákelip, olarǵa sapaly tyńaitqyshtar, gerbidtsitter, antistrestik preparattar, biologiialyq belsendi zattar, antiadsorbentterdi tiisti mólsherde berip, organikalyq taza ónim alyp jatqan jaiymyz bar.
Búginde damyǵan elderde aýylsharýashylyǵy salasy robotizatsiialanyp, tolyqtai baǵdarlamalyq júiege kóshken. Joǵaryda aitqan zattardy qajetti mólsherde berip, mol, taza ónim alýǵa tolyqtai múmkindik bar. Bizdiń instiýttyń ǵalymdary osy baǵytta jumys istep, elimizdegi sharýalardyń mol ónim alýyna múkindik týǵyzdy.
– Sonda elimizde sizdermen tize qosyp, organikalyq azyq-túlik ónim óndirýge bet burǵan sharýashylyqtar bar boldy ǵoi?
– Qazaqstanda sharýalardyń mol ónim alýyna ne kedergi?
– Búginde kóptegen sharýalar ósimdik qorǵaý máselesine tiisti deńgeide mán bermeidi. Jerdi jyrtyp, qolǵa túsken tuqymyn seýip, qarjysy bolsa, azdap tyńaitqysh bergen bolady. Budan keiin qalai mol ónim alýǵa bolady? Jiyn-terin kezinde barǵa qanaǵat qylyp otyrǵany. Bir ǵana aram shóptiń ózi alatyn ónimińizdi 90 paiyzǵa deiin joq qylady. Onymen ýaqytynda júieli túrde kúresý kerek. Budan basqa topyraqta túrli virýstar men ziiankester bar. Mol ónim alǵysy kelgen sharýalar onymen kúresýi tiis. Ókinishke orai, kóptegen sharýalarymyz osy atap kórsetken máselelermen tiisti deńgeide mán bermeidi. Bul óz kezeginde aýylsharýashylyǵy salasynyń oń baǵytta damýyna kesirin tigizýde.
– Sonda egin egýdegi áribir kezeńdik jumysqa ǵalymdar aralasyp otyrýy kerek qoi.
– Árine. Birinshi kezekte egetin tuqymnan bastaý kerek. Búginde Qazaqstandaǵy túrli daqyldar tuqymynyń 50 paiyzynyń ishinde indesferma, kóptegen virýstar, sańyraýqulaqtar jáne ziiankesterdiń jumyrtqalary bar. Bular tuqymdy ósirmeidi. Osydan keiin sharýa 100 gektar jerge ekken alqaptyń tek 50 gektarynan ǵana ónim jinaidy. Qalǵan 50 gektarǵa sińirgen tyńaitqyshyńyz, kútip-baptaýdaǵy eńbegińiz dalaǵa ketken bolyp shyǵady. Sondyqtan mol, sapaly ónim alýdy kózdegen sharýa birinshi kezekte tuqymǵa basa mán berýi qajet. Taza tuqymǵa qol jetkizý úshin bizder Eýropa elderinde sertifikattalǵan fitosanitarlyq zerthana qurdyq. Zerthanamyzda kóptegen daqyldardyń tuqymyn zerttep, olardyń boiynda qandai virýs, bakteriia, sańyraýqulaqtar bar ekenin asqan dáldikpen anyqtaityn múmkindikke iemiz. Sóz arasynda aita keteiin, qazir bizdiń institýt 500-den astam ǵylymi patentke ielik etedi. Solardyń arasynda tuqymdy jetildiretin arnaiy patentterimiz bar. Sonyń biri tuqymdy termiialyq óńdeýden ótkizetin patent. Termiialyq óńdeý barysynda ǵalymdarymyz 62 gradýstyq temperatýrada úsh kún boiy tuqymdy óńdeýden ótkizip, onyń boiyndaǵy virýs, baketeriia men sańyraýqulaqtardyń kózin joiady. Mundai óńdeýden keiin tuqym antistrestik jaǵdaiǵa túsip qalatyny belgili. Tuqymdy qalypqa keltirý úshin qajetti biologiialyq belsendi zattardy 10 kún boiyna sińiriledi. Osydan keiin ǵana tuqymǵa qajetti mikroelementter beriledi. Ábden óńdeýden ótken tuqymǵa diagnostika jasalynady. Mundai óńdeýden ótken tuqym 100 paiyzǵa deiin sapaly, mol ónim beretinine kepildik beremiz.
– Tuqymdy joǵary deńgeide óńdeýden ótkizdińizder. Al budan keiin jerdi qalai óńdeý kerek? Mol ónim alý úshin jerge de kútim jasalýy kerek qoi?
– Birden aitaiyn, jerdi qatty jyrtýdyń qajeti joq. Bizder arnaiy soqalarmen egis alqaptaryn 15-20 santimetr shamasynda qopsytyp shyǵamyz. Budan keiin qopsytylǵan jerge kelilep tuqym shashpaimyz. Arnaiy tehnikanyń kómegimen tuqymdardyń ara qashyqtyǵyn saqtap tuqymdy seýip shyǵady. «Baiserke-Agro» holdingimen jumys bastaǵanda aýylsharýashylyǵy tehnikalaryn shyǵaratyn syrt eldiń zaýyttaryna baryp, tehnikalardyń bizdiń ǵylymi jumystarǵa yńǵailap qaitadan jóndeýden ótkizdik. Kóp jaǵdaida ózge eldiń aýylsharýashylyǵy tehnikalaryn bizdiń jer jaǵdaiymyzǵa, klimattyq erekshelikterine mán bermei ákelemiz. Bir ǵana Almaty oblysynda 44 mikroaimaq bar. Bir qunarly bolsa, kelesi jerler tastaqty, qumdaýyt, tuzdanǵan bolyp kezdesedi. Sondyqtan sharýalar aýylsharýashylyǵy tehnikalaryn alǵanda osy jaittardy basshylyqqa alýy kerek.
Taǵy bir aita ketetin másele, topyraqqa sińirgen tyńaitqyshtardyń bári birdei mádeni daqyldardyń ósip jetilýine yqpal etpeidi. Damyǵan aýylsharýashylyǵy salasynda ósimdiktiń boiyna túrli tyńaitqyshtardy sińirýdyń joldary qalyptasqan. Biraq eń aldymen ósimdikke qandai tyńaitqysh berýdiń anyqtap alý kerek qoi. Biz bul úshin Shveitsariiadan ósimdiktiń sabaǵyna nemese japyraǵyna tigizseńiz, zamatta oǵan qandai tyńaitqyshtar berý kerek ekenin anyqtap beretin elektrondy fliýrometr alyp keldik. Osy qurylǵy arqyly ósimdikke qandai mikroelementter jetispei jatqanyn birden bilemiz. Al qajetti tyńaitqyshty tamshylatyp sý, búrký arqyly berýge bolady. Ǵalymdarymyz munyń bárin eseptep qoiǵan.
– Abai Orazuly, tuqym máselesine qaita oralsaq, búginde institýt ǵalymdary qandai daqyldardyń tuqymyn termiialyq óńdeýden ótkizip, sharýalarǵa taratyp otyr?
– Sapaly tuqym mol ónim alýdyń kepili ekenin bárimiz bilemiz. Sol sebepti, bizder soia, arpa, júgeri tuqymdary syrt elderden ákelemiz. Olardy ózimizben tize qosyp, jumys isteitin sharýalarǵa bermesten buryn Qazaqstannyń tabiǵi jaǵdaiynda beiimdep óńdeýden ótkizemiz. Jalpy institýtta tuqymdy óńdeýden ótkizip, sapaly ónim alýǵa múmkindik týǵyzatyn ǵylymi-zertteý jumystary bar. Olardy óndiristik deńgeige jetkizip kóptegen sharýalardy sapaly tuqymmen qamtamasyz etý úshin memlekettik qoldaý qajet. Bul baǵyttaǵy jumystardy bir institýt sheship tastai almaidy. Shaǵyn ǵana zerthanamyzdyń júzdegen tonna tuqymdy óńdeitin múmkinshiligi joq. Sondyqtan bizder kókónis tuqymdaryn óńdeimiz. Iri kólemde bidai, arpa, soia syndy daqyldardyń tuqymyn óńdeitin múmkindigimiz joq.
– Organikalyq azyq-túlik óndirý úshin egis alaqaptaryna biopreparattardy paidalanýdyń mańyzy zor. Sizderdiń institýt bul baǵytta da eńbektenip jatqanyn estidik. Sol jaiynda az-kem aita ketseńiz?
– Túrli egis alqaptarynda ziiankesterdi qurtý úshin ýly himiialyq zattar qoldanylatyny jasyryn emes. Ýly zattar ziiankesterdi óltirip qoimai, sonymen qatar jerdi de zaqymdaidy. Ziiankesterge qarsy sebilgen keibir himikattar 100 jylǵa deiin jerdiń betki qabatyna jata beredi. Ýly zattar maldyń jegen shóbi men túrli daqyldar arqyly adam organizmine túsip, túrli kemistik aýrýlaryna shaldyqqan sábilerdiń dúniege kelýine sebepshi bolýda. Osy qasirettiń aldyn alý úshin qazir damyǵan elder ziiankesterge qarsy kúreste biopreparattardy qoldanýǵa basa mán berip otyr. Bul baǵyttaǵy jumystardy bizder de iske asyryp jatyrmyz. Osyǵan deiin ýly himikattardy belsendi paidalanǵan AQSh-tyń ózi aǵash pen túrli ósimdikterdiń negizinde ziiankesterge qarsy kúresetin biopreparattar jasap jatyr. Meniń bilýimshe, AQSh biligi egis alqaptaryna qoldanylatyn 18 gerbedtsittiń túrin ǵana qaldyrdy. Qalǵandarynyń bárin shektegen. Organikalyq azyq-túlik ónimderin óndirýdi basshylyqqa alǵan Qazaqstan da egis alqaptaryna túrli ýly himikattardy qoldanýdy shekteitin arnaiy zań shyǵarýy kerek dep esepteimin.
– Jaqsy, sizderde ziiankesterge qoldanylatyn biopreparattar bar ma?
– Bar. Qazir bizder syrt elderden kóptegen biopreparattardy ákelip, elimizdiń jer jaǵdaiyna beiimdep jatyrmyz. Bilmeitin adamdar biopreparattardy qandai da bir dári dep oilaýy múmkin. Ol eshqandai dári emes. Olar býnaqty deneler, tiri organizmder. Eger ziiankes ósimdikti zaqymdasa, bizdiń ósirip otyrǵan biopreparattardy jiberseńiz, biopreparattar ziiankesterdi jep, kózin joiady. Ósimdikke tiispeidi. Tek qana ziiankesterdi taýyp, jeidi. Eshqandai himiialyq ýly zat joq. Búginde institýt janyndaǵy shaǵyn biofabrikamyzda 12 túrli biopreparatty ósirýdemiz. Biopreparattarymyzdy elimizdegi jylyjai isimen ainalysatyn sharýalar satyp alyp jatyr. Buǵan deiin sharýalar syrt elderdiń biopreparattaryn satyp alyp keldi. Bizdiń biopreparattarymyz syrt elderdikine qaraǵanda sharýalarǵa áldeqaida arzanǵa túsedi. Baǵa turǵysynan alyp qarasaq, bizdiń ónimder 30 paiyzǵa deiin arzan. Onyń ústine syrt elderden kelgen biopreparattardyń 70 paiyzy atalyq bolyp keledi. Olardy jylyjaiǵa jibergennen keiin ósip-ónbeidi. Al bizdiń preparattarymyz ósimtal. Bir aptanyń ishinde óz nátijesin beredi. Biopreparattar organikalyq azyq-túlik ónimderin óndirýdiń qainar kózi. Sondyqtan bizder bul baǵyttaǵy jumystardy jandandyryp, bolashaqta iri sharýashylyqtarda biopreparattar óndiretin shaǵyn zerthanalar salyp berýdi de kózdep otyrmyz.
– Áńgimeńizge rahmet!
Ainur Áýbákir
