Sońǵy ýaqyttary aýyl-aimaqtarda jaiylymnyń jetispeýshiliginen kóptegen daý-sharlar týyndap jatqany belgili. Ádette «jerimiz keń, Eýropanyń bálenshe eli syiyp ketedi» dep maqtanǵanda keýdemizge nan piserdei bolady. Al aýyldaǵy aǵaiyn aidap júrgen azǵantai malyn syidyra almai qinalǵanda amalsyz oiǵa batasyń. Osy rette Qazaq mal sharýashylyǵy jáne jem-shóp óndirisi ǵylymi-zertteý institýtynyń basshysy, aýyl sharýashylyǵy ǵylymdarynyń doktory, professory Aibyn Tórehanov myrzaǵa jurtshylyqtyń kókeiinde júrgen kóp suraqty qoiyp, tushymdy jaýap alýdyń sáti túsken edi. Endi jaiylym máselesine jan-jaqty taldap bergen mamannyń oi-paiymyna qulaq asyńyzdar.
– Aidyn Ádephanuly, qazir aýyldy jerde jaiylym máselesi kóptegen daýǵa sebepshi bolyp júrgenin bilesiz. Osy bizge jaiylym jetpei me, álde ony durys paidalanbai júrmiz be?
– Birden aitý kerek, qazaq úshin jaiylym jer eshqashan jetkilikti bolǵan joq. Kezinde mal baqqan ata-babalarymyz jaiylym jer úshin qan tógip, meilinshe kóp jerge ielik etýge tyrysty.
Osy rette ata-babalarymyz aq naizanyń ushymen, almas uylyshtyń júzimen qorǵaǵan jerimizdi durys paidalanyp júrmiz be degen suraq týyndaidy. Sońǵy ýaqyttary elimizdegi tabiǵi jaiylymdardy tiimdi paidalaný isi óte ózekti máselege ainaldy. Memleket basshysy Qasym-Jomart Toqaev Úkimetke elimizdegi jaiylymdardy barynsha tiimdi paidalanyp, mal basyn ósirip, ekologiialyq taza ónim óndirý týrasynda mindet júktegen bolatyn.
Prezident tapsyrmasynyń údesinen shyǵý úshin qoldanystaǵy jaiylymdardy jaqsartyp, shalǵai jaiylymdardy múmkindiginshe igerip, et óniminiń artýǵa barynsha kúsh salýymyz kerek.
Mysaly, etti baǵyttaǵy iri qara salasy damyǵan Kanada, Braziliia, Argentina memleketterinde et óniminiń basym bóligi, jaiylymda júrip semirgen mal eti quraidy. Árine, bul rette olardyń mal tuqymy men jaiylymdaryn qalai kútip-baptaitynyn esepke alýymyz kerek. Aldaǵy ýaqytta osy tájiribeni bizde qoldanyp, et-sút ónimin arttyrýǵa kúsh salý kerek.
Endi siz qoiǵan suraqqa jaýap bersek, elimizde tabiǵi mal azyǵy jerleriniń jalpy kólemi 189 mln gektardan astam jerdi quraidy. Bul elimizdiń jer qorynyń 70%-y ekenin eskersek, jaiylymdyq jer boiynsha áleýetimizdiń qanshalyqty zor ekenin baǵamdaýǵa bolady.
Al shabyndyq jerlerdiń kólemi 5 mln gektardy quraidy. Osy bir málmetten mal sharýashylyǵyn damytýda bizder jaiylymdyq jerlerge arqa súieýdiń mańyzy zor baǵamdaýǵa bolady.
– Elimizdiń jaiylymdyq áleýeti joǵary ekenin aittyńyz. Sol resýrsymyzdy qanashalyqty tiimdi paidalanyp jatyrmyz?
– Keń baitaq qazaq jeri birneshe tabiǵi aimaqtar men eki taýly óńir bar. Jer bederine orai osy alqaptardyń mal azyqtyq sipattymen onda ósetin shóp túrlerin paidalaný qarqyndylyǵy da ár alýan. Jaiylymnyń 25%-i qumdy jerlerde, 18%-y taýly jerlerde ornalassa, 5%-dan astamy oipatty jerler quraidy.
Ár túrli tabiǵi aimaqtarda birneshe jaiylym túrleri kezdesedi. Tabiǵattyń osy bir ereksheligin jiti baiqaǵan babalarymyz jaiylymdy maýsymdy paidalanýdy jaqsy meńgergen. Máselen, «Moiynqum-Betpaqdala-Saryarqa» jaiylym kesheni ońtústikten soltústikke qarai 500-den astam shaqyrymǵa sozylsa, «Alataý-Balqash» kesheni 200-250 shaqyrymdy alyp jatyr. Al elimizdiń ormandy-dalaly aimaǵyndaǵy tabiǵi jaiylymdyq jerler 4 myń gektar alqapty alyp jatyr. Bul alqaptarda ár túrli astyq tuqymdastar, betege-jýsan aralas shópter ósedi, eginshilikke jaramsyz. Ortasha ónimdiligi gektaryna shamamen 5 tsn aspaidy.
Dalalyq aimaqtaǵy jaiylymdyq jerler 40 myń gektardan astam. Bul alqaptarda betege-jýsan aralas shóptesin basym keledi, al ózen ańǵarlary men kól jaǵasyn shabyndyq retinde paidalanýǵa bolady. Shóp shyǵymy 6 tsn shamasynda, al shabyndyqtar 12-14 tsn deiin túsim beredi.
Shóleit aimaqtar Soltústik Kaspii mańy jazyǵynan Altai taýlaryna deiin sozylyp jatyr. Mal jaiýǵa jaramdy jerler 34 myń gektardan astam, sonyń ishinde shabyndyqtar 1,5 myń gektardy quraidy. Shóleit jerlerge tán erekshelik – astyq tuqymdas ósimdikter men shala buta ósimdikterdiń úilesimdi ósedi. Bul alqaptarda ár jyldary jáne maýsymǵa orai shóp túsimi edeýir aýytqyp otyrady. Orta eseppen jaiylym ónimdiligi 3-4 ts/ga quraidy.
Elimizde tabiǵi jaiylymdar negizinen shól aimaqta ornalasqan, kólemi 91 myń gektardan asady, onyń ishinde 1,3 myń gektardan astamy shabyndyqqa jaramdy. Shól aimaqta ósetin ósimdikter kóbine shala butaly ósimdikter. Ústirt, Betpaqdala, Sarysý jazyǵy sazbalshyqty jáne tastaqty shól alqaptaryna jatady. Bul alqaptarda jýsan, jýsandy-sorań jáne rań tárizdester men efemeroidty shópter aralas ósedi. Osy jaiylymdarda jýsan, rań tárizdester jáne shala buta ósimdiktermen qatar butaly ósimdikter: júzgin, sekseýil, qum qaraǵany jáne basqa da túrleri aralas ósedi. Shól ósimdikteriniń túsimi turaqty emes, ónimdiligi 3 tsn/ga aspaidy.
Taýly aimaqqa Altai jáne Tian-Shan taýlarynyń jaiylymdary enedi, kólemi 9 myń gektardan asady. Biiktigi jáne tabiǵi beldeýleri alýan túrli. Mysaly, 600-1500 metr biiktiktegi beldeýge soltústik Tian-Shan taýlaryna qarasty Ile Alataýy men kúngei Alataýdyń soltústik baýraiy enedi. Osy alqaptarda betege, aqseleý basym kezdesedi, túsimi 5 ts/ga aspaidy. 1500-2400 m biiktikte ormandy-shalǵyndy beldeý ornalasqan, mundaǵy ósimdikter shalǵyny alýan túrli, kóbine astyq tuqymdastar, túsimi 20 tsn/ga quraidy.
– Aibyn myrza, elimizdiń jaiylymdyq áleýetin oqyrmandarymyzǵa qolmen qoiǵandai qylyp kórsetip berdińiz. Áńgime arasynda jaiylymdardy ata-babalarymyz maýsym-maýsymǵa bólip paidalanǵanyn aittyńyz. Osyny tarqatyp aityp berińizshi?
– Qazaqstanda ár aimaǵyndaǵy jaiylymdyq jerler bir-birine múlde uqsamaidy. Sondyqtan jaiylym tipteriniń ornalasýyna qarai maýsymdarǵa bólip paidalanǵan jón. Osy rette jaiylymdy maýsymǵa bólip, paidalaný ondaǵy ósimdikterdiń ónip-ósý ereksheligine, alqaptaǵy shóp quramynyń jetilýine áser etedi.
Jaiylymdardy tiimdi paidalaný ár beldeýdiń maýsymdyq áleýetin barynsha júzege asyrý kerek. Bir aimaqta ornalasqan ár túrli jaiylymdardaǵy shóp túrleriniń jetilýine qarai paidalansa, jaiylym mal tuiaǵymen taptalyp tozyp ketpeidi.
Ata-babalarymyz tabiǵi jaiylymdardyń maýsymdyq sipatyn igerip, ony tiimdi paidalanǵan. Kóktem, jaz, kúz mezgilderinde shóptiń jetilgenine orai órisin tańdap, árdaiym mal jaiylymyn aýystyryp otyrǵan. Elimizge tán ár túrli tabiǵi aimaq pen beldeýlerdi qiyp ótip, jaiylymnyń shalǵynyn jep, shuraiyn ketirmei, óristegi shóptiń tuiaqkesti bolýyna jol bermegenin bilemiz.
Keńes Odaǵy qurylǵanda da kóshpeli mal sharýashylyǵynyń erekshelikteri ǵylymi turǵydan zerttelip, shalǵai mal sharýashylyǵy salasy barynsha damydy. Jer yńǵaiyna orai dalalyq, shóleittik jáne taýly jaiylymdar áleýetin maýsymyna qarai tolyq paidalaný júzege asty.
Ókinishke orai, qazirgi tańda jaiylymdyq keshenderdi maýsymdyq erekshelikterine orai aýyspaly paidalanyp, áleýetin tolyq paidalaný júzege aspaýda. Ýaqyt beldeýine, jer bederine orai maýsymdyq jaiylymdardyń áleýetin paidalaný júiesizdikke urynǵan. Osy keleńsizdik keibir jaiylymdardyń azǵyndaýyna ulasyp, jalpy mal sharýashylyǵynyń damýyna tusaý salyp otryǵany jasyryn emes.
– Jaiylymdy tozýdan saqtaý úshin ne isteýmiz kerek?
– Ol úshin baiaǵy júiege qaita oralýymyz kerek dep esepteimin. Qalyptasqan ustanymdardy jańǵyrtyp, qarapaiym ǵana talaptardy júzege asyrýdyń mańyzy zor. Aitalyq, jaiylymdyq jerlerdiń túrin eskerip, óristegi shóp túrleri jetiletin ýaqytta mal jaiyp, óris shóbin tyqyrlatpai kelesi óriske aýystyryp otyrǵan jón.
Eger bulai istemesek, jaiylymdaǵy birjyldyq tabiǵi shópter pisip jetilmei, óristiń kúii ketedi. Jaiylymnyń azyqtyq qorynyń mólsheri tómendeidi. Sondyqtan árbir jaiylymdy óz ýaqytynda paidalanyp, ásirese, jaiylymnyń ónimdiligine sai mal basy ustap, ýaqtyly óris aýystyryp otyrsa, jaiylym jutamaidy.
Eger qoldanystaǵy jaiylym tarlyq etse, shalǵai jaiylymdardy igerý kerek. Bolmasa qoldanystaǵy jaiylymdarǵa mal tuiaǵyna tózimdi shópterin ústemelep egip, azyqtyq qordy arttyrýdyń mańyzy zor.
– Baiqaimyn, qazir jaiylymǵa qatysty siz aityp otyrǵan talaptar oryndalmaidy. Eger osy talaptardy sharýalar tolyqtai saqtasa, jaiylymǵa qatysty másele týyndamas edi?
– Árine, bul talaptardy saqtasaq, mal sharýashylyǵy eselep óser edi. Ókinishke orai, bul talaptar oryndalmaýda. Elimiz táýelsizdigin alǵan jyldardan beri shalǵai jaiylymdardy paidalaný úrdisi de, jaiylymdardy jaqsartý jumystary da jalǵasyn tapqan joq.
Sharýalar mal ósirýdiń mańyzdy tehnologiiasyn eskermei, kóbine, ekstensivti jolmen qoldanystaǵy jaiylymdy barynsha paidalandy.
Otandyq ǵalymdardyń jaiylymdardy tiimdi paidalaný boiynsha usynystary tek qaǵaz júzinde qalǵany jasyryn emes. Maýsymdyq ereksheligine orai jaiylymdy aýyspaly qoldaný, mal basyn azaitý jáne jaiylym merzimin qysqartý arqyly tozǵan jaiylymdardy qalpyna keltirý jumystary qolǵa alynǵan joq.
Bir tiyn shyǵyn shyǵarmai iske asyrýǵa bolatyn osy ádisterdi iske asyrýǵa sharýalar umtylmady. Qarjy talap etetin ádis – jaiylymdy jaqsartý sharalary keibir ozyq sharýashylyqtar tarapynan ǵana qoldaý tapty.
– Aibyn Ádephanuly, bul tyǵyryqtan qalai shyǵýǵa bolady?
– Bizde jaiylymdardy qalai tiimdi paidalanýǵa bolatyn jyldar boiy qalyptasqan talaptar men normalar bar. Aldaǵy ýaqytta sol talaptardy sharýalar tolyqtai oryndaýy kerek. Bul rette sharýalar osy talaptardy oryndaý birinshi kezekte ózderine kerek ekenin túsinýi kerek.
Búginde qoldanystaǵy zań aiasynda jaiylymdardy qoldaný men saqtaýǵa baǵyttalǵan talaptar qarastyrylyp, memlekettik turǵydan qoldaý kórsetile bastady. Bul da bolsa kóńilge demeý bolyp tur.
Bilik tarapynan qoldanystaǵy zańnama aiasynda jaiylymdardy paidalaný erejeleriniń saqtalýyn baqylaý dármensizdikke boi aldyrmaý kerek. Sharýanyń tabysty jumys atqarýyn kúitteitin jergilikti bilik jaiylymdardy basqarý jáne olardy paidalaný josparyn júzege asyrýda salǵyrttyq tanytpaǵanyn qalaimyz.
Budan basqa zamana talabyna sai agroónerkásip salasyn tsifrlandyrýdyń mańyzy zor. Aqparattandyrý isi mal sharýashylyǵy salasynda qordalanǵan máselelerdi júielep, salaǵa nuqsan keltirmei keshendi túrde sheshýge muryndyq bolady.
