Qazaqtardyń 1916 jylǵy ult-azattyq kóterilisi
Birinshi dúniejúzilik soǵys Qazaqstan ekonomikasynyń quldyraýyna ákelip soqty. Aýyl sharýashylyǵy ólkedegi eginshilik oblystar boiynsha birkelki damymady. Ol qunarly, eginshilik sharýashylyǵyn jetik meńgergen aýdandarda jaqsy damydy. Soǵys egin sharýashylyǵyna da eleýli ózgerister engizdi. Eń aldymen, aýyl sharýashylyq baqsha daqyldarynyń egis kólemi ulǵaidy. Máselen, Qazaqstan boiynsha kúzgi bidaidyń egis kólemi 1913 jylmen salystyrǵanda 1917 jyly 63,5%-ǵa, jazǵy bidai - 8,4%-ǵa, tary - 22,1%-ǵa, kartop - 46,3%-ǵa qysqardy. Al baqsha daqyldarynyń egis kólemi 433,8 myń desiatinadan 1115,0 myń desiatinaǵa deiin, iaǵni eki eseden astam kóbeidi. Ólkeniń soltústik-batys jáne batys oblystary boiynsha dándi daqyldardyń ónimdiligi 1914 jyldan 1917 jylǵa deiin ár desiatinadan alynatyn 38,7 puttan 29,8 putqa deiin tómendedi. Soǵys jyldaryndaǵy ólke eginshiligi jaǵdaiynyń sipatty ereksheligi onyń júrgizilýi deńgeiiniń tómendigi boldy. Bul engizilgen aýyspaly egis júiesiniń bolmaýynan, jerdiń jáne tuqymdyq materialdardyń óńdelý sapasynyń tómendiginen kórindi. Egis kólemi men ónim kóleminiń qysqarýynyń negizgi sebebi jumys kúshiniń jetispeýi bolatyn. Máselen, Aqmola oblysynyń Kókshetaý ýezinen ǵana 1915 jyly armiiaǵa aýyl sharýashylyǵymen ainalysyp kelgen orys tildi halyqtyń 39%-y shaqyryldy. Qazaqstannyń basqa da aimaqtarynda mundai kórinister baiqalyp turdy.
Er azamattardy jappai maidanǵa alý mal sharýashylyǵynyń da quldyraýyna ákelip soqty. Oǵan san jáne sapa jaǵynan úlken zardap keltirdi. Usaq mal kóbirek, al iri mal azyraq ósirile bastady. Baiyrǵy halyqtyń basym kópshiligi turatyn jerlerde jylqy, túie, iri qara mal sany kemidi. Máselen, Ishki Ordada 1915 jyly jylqy sany 310,3 myń bolsa, al 1916 jyly 160,2 myń bolyp, úles salmaǵy jóninen 48,5%-ǵa kemip ketti. Mańǵystaý ýezinde, Syrdariia men Jetisý oblystarynda da osyndai kórinister baiqaldy. Soǵys jyldarynda qazaqtyń mal sharýashylyǵy, birinshi kezekte, mal jaiylymdyq alaptardy tartyp alý saldarynan zardap shekti. 1913-1917 jylǵa deiin qazaq halqynan jalpy kólemi 764,4 myń desiatina jaiylymdyq alqaptyń jylqy - iri qara jaiylatyn 190 jaiylymy tartylyp alyndy jáne jalǵa alýǵa daiarlandy.
Mal sanynyń qysqarýy, eń aldymen, qazaq halqynyń armiia qajetteri úshin májbúrleý tártibimen et berýge mindetti bolǵandyǵynan oryn aldy. San milliondyq armiianyń óse túsken qajetterin qanaǵattandyrý múmkin emes edi. Óitkeni qazaq sharýashylyǵynda mal sany jyldan-jylǵa azaia berdi. Sondai-aq soǵys jyldaryndaǵy mal sanynyń qysqarýyna aýyq-aýyq ótkizilip turatyn rekvizitsiia da áser etti. Osy jyldarda Túrkistan ólkesinen 300 myń put et, 70 myń jylqy, 13 myń túie áketildi. 1914 jyldyń ishinde Jetisýdan ǵana 34 million somnyń maly men mal ónimderi tasylyp áketildi. Qazaq sharýashylyqtarynda maldy rekvizitsiialaý jáne jylqy malyn esepsiz paidalanýǵa bailanysty mal sanynyń qysqarýy selo men aýylda sharýashylyqty qalypty júrgizýge keri áser etti. Jylqy maly ásirese soltústik oblystarda azaiyp ketti. Soǵys jyldarynda armiiany jabdyqtaý úshin mol mólsherde azyq-túlik daiarlaý, mal jáne et ónimderi baǵasynyń ósýine ákelip soqty. Osyǵan bailanysty bul kezeńde ólkede anaǵurlym arzan et beretin sala - shoshqa sharýashylyǵy jedel dami bastady.
Birinshi dúniejúzilik soǵys bastalǵan soń, Qazaqstan ónerkásibi de soǵys qajetteri úshin jumys istedi. Ólkedegi ken ónerkásibiniń mańyzdy salalarynyń biri Ýspen jáne Sasyq-Qarasý kenishterinen temir kenin óndirý arta tústi. Bul kenishterden 1914 jyly – 246 put, al 1916 jyly – 1551 put temir keni óndirildi. Soǵystyń úsh jyly ishinde temir kenin óndirý 6,3 ese ulǵaidy. Salyqtardyń joǵarylyǵynan, qatynas joldarynyń qashyqtyǵynan, qural-jabdyqtardyń jetispeýi saldarynan jáne basqa sebepterden altyn kenishteriniń sany qysqardy. Tústi metalldarǵa degen qajettilikterdiń artýy jáne olardyń baǵasynyń kúrt ósýi soǵys jyldarynda tústi metallýrgiianyń, ásirese, Ridder jáne Sokolskii kenishteriniń damýyna túrtki boldy. Tústi rýdalar óndirý 1913 jylmen salystyrǵanda 1917 jyly 25,3 ese óse tústi. Birinshi dúniejúzilik soǵys jyldarynda mys rýdasyn negizinen “Spassk mys rýdalary” aktsionerlik qoǵamy men “Atbasar mys kenderi” aktsionerlik qoǵamy óndirdi. Biraqta, mys kenin óndirý jyldan-jylǵa kemi berdi. Jer qoinaýyn jyrtqyshtyqpen paidalaný “Spassk mys keni” aktsionerlik qoǵamynyń Ýspen kenishindegi barlyq bai kendi (quramyndaǵy mys 25%) alyp qoiýyna ákep soqty. Soǵys jyldarynda Sarysý baiytý fabrikasy salyndy. Ol revoliýtsiiaǵa deiin quramynda 25-30% mys bar 128 myń put shikizat óndirdi.
Kómir óndirý Semei, Torǵai, Aqmola oblystarynda júrgizildi. Soǵys jyldarynda Ekibastuz ken oryndary eleýli ról atqardy. Ol Ekibastuz qorǵasyn-myrysh zaýytyn, Ertistegi jekeshe keme qatynasyn, Oraldaǵy Bogolovsk jáne Qyshym zaýyttaryn kómirmen jabdyqtap otyrdy.
Óńdeýshi ónerkásip soǵys muqtajdyǵyna et-sút ónimderin, bylǵary taýarlar jáne basqa da tutyný zattaryn berip otyrdy. Ásirese, bylǵary taýarlaryn óndirý ósti, bul kezeńde ólkede 139 bylǵary kásiporny jumys istedi. Olar negizinen Semei jáne Aqmola oblystarynda ornalasty jáne búkil aýyl sharýashylyq óniminiń 64,3% -yn óńdedi. Shynyna kelgende, bylǵary, teri jáne ishek-qaryn óndirisiniń maidagerlik kásiporyndary odan ári uqsatý úshin Reseidiń iri ónerkásip ortalyqtary - Perm, Viatka, Riga qalalaryna ónim jetkizip berdi. Soǵys jyldarynda intendanttyq armiia tarapynan bylǵary aiaq kiimge jáne teri tondarǵa suranym erekshe ósti. Soǵys jyldarynda jún ónimine suranym ulǵaiyp, ólkede shuǵa óndiretin tuńǵysh Qarǵaly fabrikasy áskeri tapsyrys oryndap, shinelge arnap shuǵa daiyndai bastady, sol siiaqty soǵys suranymyna et ónimin daiyndaýda Petropavlda et-konservi kombinaty ashylsa, Oralda mal soiatyn arnaiy oryn ashyldy. Ólkege daiyn ónim, kiim-keshek pen aiaq kiim ákelýdiń qysqarýyna bailanysty soǵys jyldarynda osy qajetti buiymdardy tigetin sheberlerdiń sany kóbeidi. Máselen, 1916 jyly Vernyi qalasynda 140 adam jumys istegen iri sheberhana boldy.
Ónerkásip oryndaryndaǵy jumysshylardyń, qalalardaǵy eńbekshilerdiń jaǵdaiy kúrt nasharlady. Kásiporyndarda jas balalardyń, jasóspirimderdiń, áielder men soǵys tutqyndarynyń eńbegi keńinen qoldanyldy. Jumysshylar táýligine 10-12 saǵat, al keide 16 saǵattan jumys istedi. Jumysshylardyń naqty jalaqysy únemi tómendei berdi. Máselen, Spassk zaýytynda 1914 jyly kúndik jumys úshin – 1 som 04 tiyn, 1915 jyly – 94 tiyn tólendi. Mundai jaǵdai ónerkásip oryndarynda barlyǵynda derlik bolyp jatty.
Selolar, qalalar men aýyldar eńbekshileri jaǵdaiynyń nasharlaýy 1914 jyldyń ózinde-aq Qaraǵandy, Ekibastuz shahtalarynda, Orynbor, Tashkent jáne Transsibir temirjoldary jumysshylary arasynda bas kóterýler men ereýilderge alyp keldi. Tipti, soǵys jyldarynda Qazaqstanda halyq boi kóterýiniń biri “áielder búligi” deitinder boldy, olardy ókimet oryndary úkimetke qarsylyq dep qarady.
Sharýalar kóterilisteri Qazaqstannyń soltústik aýdandaryn da qamtydy. Máselen, 1916 jyly 21 naýryzda Torǵai oblysy Aqtóbe ýeziniń Aqbulaq selosynda 30 adam bolatyn soldat áielderiniń tobyry kópester - Nezvanovtyń, Priatkinniń dúkenderin qiratady. Halyq buqarasynyń mundai boi kórsetýleriniń tolqyny Qazaqstannyń basqa da aimaqtarynda oryn aldy. 1916 jyldyń orta shenine qarai jumysshylardyń úkimetke ashynýy údei tústi. Nátijesinde bul jaǵdailar qazaqtardyń ult-azattyq qozǵalysyna zor yqpal jasady.
1916 jyly 25 maýsymda patshanyń Qazaqstan, Orta Aziia, Sibir turǵyndarynan 19 ben 43 jas aralyǵyndaǵy er azamattaryn tyl jumysyna alý týraly jarlyǵy shyǵady. Bul jarlyq 1916 jylǵy ult-azattyq kóterilisiniń bastalýyna sebep boldy. Shildeniń bas kezinde Qazaqstannyń barlyq aimaqtarynda derlik stihiialy narazylyqtar bastalyp, kóp uzamai qarýly kóteriliske ulasty. Halyq ashý-yzasynyń alǵashqy soqqylaryna tyldaǵy jumystarǵa alynatyndardyń tizimin tikelei jasaǵan bolys basqarýshylary, aýyl starshyndary jáne patsha ákimshiliginiń basqa da tómengi bilik ieleri ushyrady. Is júzinde tizimder jasaý júiesi jappai paraqorlyq pen burmalaýshylyqqa jol ashqan bolatyn. Onyń ústine patshalyq ókimet oryndary laýazymdy adamdardy, bolystardy, selo jáne aýyl basqarýshylaryn, baiyrǵy turǵyndardan shyqqan tómengi shendi politseilerdi, imamdardy, moldalar men múdáristerdi, usaq kredit mekemelerindegi esepshiler men býhgalterlerdi, joǵarǵy jáne orta oqý oryndaryndaǵy oqýshylardy, úkimettik mekemelerdiń sheneýnikterin, dvorian jáne qurmetti azamat quqyqtaryn paidalanatyn adamdardy áskerge alýdan bosatty.
Stihiialy qozǵalys birte-birte uiymdasqan sipat alyp, qarýly kóteriliske ulasyp, onyń iri oshaqtary (Jetisý men Torǵaida) paida boldy. Kóterilis búkil Qazaqstandy qamtydy. Bul kóterilistiń basty maqsaty ulttyq jáne saiasi azattyq boldy. Sol arqyly ol qazaq halqynyń bostandyq pen táýelsizdik jolyndaǵy burynǵy búkil kúresiniń qorytyndysyn shyǵardy. Kóterilistiń negizgi kúshi ulttyq sharýalardyń qalyń toby, sondai-aq sol kezde týyp kele jatqan jergilikti jumysshy tabynyń ókilderi, qolónershiler boldy.
Sonymen birge kóterilistiń ult-azattyq sipatta bolýy sebepti qazaq halqynyń barlyq toptarynyń ókilderi (ekiniń birinde bailar, bolys basqarýshylary, biler), sondai-aq demokratiiashyl ziialylardyń jekelegen ókilderi qatysty.
Qazaqstannyń ár túrli aýdandarynda paida bolǵan stihiialy qozǵalys birte-birte uiymdasqan sipat ala bastady: Jetisýda (basshylary: Bekbolat Áshekeev, Uzaq Saýryqov, Jámeńke Mámbetov, Toqash Bokin, Áýbákir Júnisov, Serikbai Qanaev, Monai jáne Muqan Uzaqbaevtar jáne t.b.) jáne Torǵaida (basshylary - Ábdiǵappar Janbosynov, Amangeldi Imanov, Álibi Jangeldin jáne basqalar) onyń iri oshaqtary paida boldy.
Jetisýdaǵy kóterilis tarihyn: 1) shilde - stihiialyq narazylyq kórinisteri, 2) tamyz - onyń qarýly kóteriliske ulasýy jáne 3) qyrkúiek-qazan - kóterilistiń birtindep báseńdeýi jáne jeńilis tabýy degen kezeńge bólýge bolady.
